After Carroll, 1988, and Nelson, 1994, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Eurypterygii Rosen, 1973 |--o Cyclosquamata [Aulopiformes Rosen, 1973 sensu lato] | |?- Alepisauriformes Regan, 1911 [Aulopiformes in partim] | `-- Aulopiformes Rosen, 1973 (aulopikalat) `--o Ctenosquamata |--o Scopelomorpha | `-- Myctophiformes Regan, 1911 (lanternfishes; lyhtykalat) `--o Acanthomorpha sensu Johnson & Patterson, 1993 [Acanthomorphata Betancur-R et al., 2013] |?-o †Aipichthys U. Cret. SWAs. [Aipichthyidae] | |-- †A. velifer | `-- †A. minor |?- †Asineops squamifrons Eoc. NA. [Asineopidae] |?- †Digoria ambigua L. Olig. SEEu. [Digoriidae] |?- †Dinopteryx spinosus U. Cret. SWAs. [Dinopterygidae] |?-o †Ferrifronsidae Arratia & Chorn, 1998 | |-- †Ferrifrons rugosus Jordan, 1924 | `-- †Acanthichthys major Arratia & Chorn, 1998 |?- †Pharmaichthys [Pharmaichthyidae] |?- †Pycnosteroides laevispinosus U. Cret. SWAs. [Pycnosteroididae] |?- †Spinocaudichthys oumtkoutensis Filleul & Dutheil, 2001; U. Cret. NWAf. |?- †Stichocentrus livatus U. Cret. SWAs. [Stichocentridae] |--o Lampridiomorpha | `-- Lampridiformes Regan, 1909 (kiiltolahnakalat) `--o Euacanthomorpha |-- Polymixiomorpha (partakalamaiset kalat) [paraphyletic assemblage?] `--o Holacanthopterygii |--o Paracanthopterygii [Paracanthomorphacea Betancur-R et al., 2013] | |-- Percopsiformes Berg, 1940 (lohiahvenkalat) | `--o Anacanthini Patterson & Rosen, 1989? | |?-o †Sphenocephalus U. Cret. Eu. [Stephanocephaliformes: Sphenocephalidae] | | |-- †S. sp. | | `-- †S. fissicaudus | `--+-- Ophidiiformes Berg, 1937 (partanilkkakalat) [possibly paraphyletic?] | `--+?- †Mcconichthys longipinnis Grande, 1988; L.Paleoc. NA. [Mcconichthyidae] | |-- Gadiformes Goodrich, 1909 (cods, and relatives; turskakalat) | `--o Pediculati | |-- Batrachoidiformes [Haplodoci] (konnakalat) | `-- Lophiiformes Garman, 1899 (krottikalat; anglerfishes) `--o Acanthopterygii sensu Nelson, 1994 [alternative phylogeny after Johnson & Patterson, 1993] |--o Mugilomorpha | `-- Mugiliformes Berg, 1940 [Mugiloformes (lapsus calami?)] (kelttikalat) `--+--o Atherinomorpha | |-- Atheriniformes Rosen, 1966 (silversides & rainbowfishes; hopeakylkikalat, sateenkaarikalat) | `--o Cyprinodontea | |-- Beloniformes Berg, 1940 (nokkakalat) | `-- Cyprinodontiformes Berg, 1940 [Microcyprini] (toothcarps; hammaskarppikalat) `--o Percomorpha sensu Nelson, 1994 |-- Stephanoberyciformes [Xenoberyces in partim] (okakalat) `--+-- Beryciformes Regan, 1909 (limapääkalat) `--+--+-- Zeiformes (pietarinkalat) | `-- Tetraodontiformes Berg, 1940 (puffer & porcupinefishes; jäykkäleukakalat) `--+-- Gasterosteiformes (piikkikalat) |-- Synbranchiformes (yhdyskiduskalat) `--+== “Perciformes” Bleeker, 1859 (ahvenkalat) [paraphyletic] |== “Scorpaeniformes” Greenwood et al., 1966 (simppukalat) `-- Pleuronectiformes [Heterosomata] (kampelakalat)
After Betancur-R et al., 2013:<==o Eurypterygia |-- Aulopiformes `--o Ctenosquamata |-- Myctophiformes `--o Acanthomorphata |--+-- Lampridiformes | `--o Paracanthomorphacea | |-- Percopsiformes | `--o Zeiogadaria | |-- Zeiformes | `--o Gadariae | |-- Stylephorus [Stylephoriformes] | `-- Gadiformes `--+-- Polymixiiformes `--o Euacanthomorphacea |-- Beryciformes |-- Holocentriformes `--o Percomorphaceae |-- Ophidiiformes `--+-- Batrachoidiformes `--+--o Gobiomorpharia | |-- Kurtiformes | `-- Gobiiformes `--+--o Scombrimorpharia | |-- Syngnathiformes | `-- Scombriformes `--+--o Carangimorpharia | |--o Ovalentariae | | |--+--o Cichlomorphae | | | | `-- Cichliformes | | | `--o Atherinomorphae | | | |-- Atheriniformes | | | `--+-- Cyprinodontiformes | | | `-- Beloniformes | | `--+-- Mugiliformes | | `--o Blenniimorphae | | `-- Blenniiformes | `--+--o Anabantomorphariae | | |-- Synbranchiformes | | `-- Anabantiformes | `--o Carangimorphariae | |== Carangiformes | `== Pleuronectiformes `--o Percomorpharia |--+-- Uranoscopiformes | `-- Labriformes `--+--+-- Ephippiformes | `--+-- Acanthuriformes | `--+-- Tetraodontiformes | `-- Lophiiformes `--+-- Perciformes [incl. Scorpaeniformes & Gasterosteiformes] `--+-- Pempheriformes `--+-- Cirrhitiformes `-- Centarchiformes Reference(s):
|
After Johnson & Patterson, 1993 (vide Nelson, 1994)<==o Acanthopterygii |-- Stephanoberyciformes `--+-- Zeiformes `--o Euacanthopterygii |-- Beryciformes `--o Percomorpha |--o Smegmamorpha | |-- Synbranchiformes | |-- Elassosomus | |-- Gasterosteiformes | |-- Mugiloidei | `--o Atherinomorpha | |-- Atheriniformes | `--o Cyprinodontea | |-- Beloniformes | `-- Cyprinodontiformes `--+== “Perciformes” |-- Dactylopteriformes |-- Scorpaeniformes |-- Pleuronectiformes `-- Tetraodontiformes |
Alternative [molecular] phylogeny of Holacanthopterygii [= Percomorpha] after Mabuchi, Miya, Azuma & Nishida, 2007<==o Percomorpha |-- Ophidiiformes `--+--+--+-- Percidae | | `--+-- Scorpaenoidei | | `--+--+-- Cottoidei | | | `-- Trachinoidei | | `--+-- Zoarcoidei | | `-- Gasterosteoidei | `--+--+-- Odacidae | | `--+-- Scaridae | | `-- Labridae | `--+--+-- Emmelichthyidae | | `-- Lutjanidae | `--+-- Sparidae | `--+-- Caproidae | `--+-- Tetraodontiformes | `-- Lophiiformes `--+--+--+-- Pleuronectiformes | | `-- Carangidae | `--+-- Scombroidei | `--+-- Dactylopteridae | `-- Gobioidei `--+--+== Synbranchiformes | `-- Indostomoidei `--+--+-- Pseudochromidae | `-- Mugiloformes `--+--+-- Pomacentridae | `--+-- Embiotocidae | `-- Cichlidae `--+--+-- Blennoidei | `-- Gobiesocoidei `--o Atherinomorpha |-- Atheriniformes `--o Cyprinodontea |-- Beloniformes `-- Cyprinodontiformes |
Reference(s):
- Arratia, G. & Chorn, J., 1998:
A new primitive acanthomorph fish from the Greenhorn Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Nebraska.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #2, pp. 301-314 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Filleul, A. & Dutheil, D. B., 2001: Spinocaudichthys oumtkoutensis, a freshwater acanthomorph from the Cenomanian of Marocco.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #4, pp. 774-780 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Grande, L., 1988: A well preserved paracanthopterygian fish (Teleostei) from freshwater Lower Paleocene deposits of Montana.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 8, #2, pp. 117-130 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600 - Tyler, J. C. & Sorbini, L., 1996: New superfamily and three new families of tetraodontiform fishes from the Upper Cretaceous: The earliest and most morphologically primitive plectognaths.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 82, pp. vi-59