After Shu et al., 2003, and Janvier, 2015
<==o Chordata Haeckel, 1874 (chordates; selkäjänteiset) |-- Cephalochordata Haeckel, 1866 (kallottomat selkäjänteiset) `--o Olfactores Jefferies, 1991 sensu Delsuc, Brickmann, Chourrout & Philippe, 2006 |-- Tunicata Lamarck, 1816 [Urochordata Lankester 1877] (tunicates; vaippaeläimet) `--o Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801 [Craniata Lankester, 1877] (vertebrates; selkärankaiset) |?- †Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa Shu, Zhang & Han, 1999 [=? Haikouichthys ercaicunensis sensu Zhang & Hou, 2004] |?- †Haikouichthys ercaicunensis Luo, Hu & Shu, 1999 sensu Shu et al., 2003 |--o Cyclostomata Duméril, 1806 (“round mouths”; ympyräsuiset) | |?- †Conodonta Eichenberg, 1930 sensu Sweet & Donoghue, 2001 [Conodontia, Euconodonta, Conodontophorida] (conodonts; konodontit) | `--+--o Hyperotreti | | `-- Myxini (hagfishes; limaajat, limanahkiaiset) | `-- Hyperoartii Müller, 1844 [Hyperoartia] (lampreys; nahkiaiskalat) `--o “Gnathostomatomorpha” [paraphyletic Ostracodermi] |-- †Pteraspidomorphi Goodrich, 1909 [Diplorhina] (“kaksisieraimiset”) `--+-- †Anaspida Traquair, 1899 `--+?= †Thelodonti Jaekel, 1911 [Thelodontomorphi Jaekel, 1911] [paraphyletic??] |?- †Furcacaudiformes Wilson & Caldwell, 1998 (“fork-tailed thelodonts”) `--+-- †Galeaspida Liu, 1965 [non Tarlo, 1967] `--+--o †Pituriaspida | |-- †Pituriaspis doylei | `-- †Neeyambaspis enigmatica |-- †Osteostraci Lankester, 1868 [Cephalaspidiformes] `--+?- †Eleochera glossa Sansom & Smith, 2005 `-- Gnathostomata Gegenbaur, 1874 (jawed vertebrates; leualliset selkärankaiset)
After McCoy, Saupe, Lamsdell, Tarhan, McMahon, Lidgard, Mayer, Whalen, Soriano, Finney, Vogt, Clark, Anderson, Petermann, Locatelli & Briggs, 2016<==o Chordata |-- Cephalochordata `--+-- Tunicata `--+-- †Pikaia `--o Vertebrata |-- †Myllokunmingia |-- †Haikouichthys |-- †Metaspriggina |-- †Euconodonta |--o Hyperotreti | |-- †Gilpichthys | `--+-- †Myxinikela | `-- Myxinoidea |--o Hyperoartii | |-- †Mayomyzon | `--+-- †Tullimonstrum | `--+-- †Pipiscius | |-- †Priscomyzon | `--+-- †Mesomyzon | `--o Petromyzontida | `-- Petromyzontidae `--o “Gnathostomatomorpha” |-- †Jamoytius |-- †Euphanerops `--+-- †Anaspida `--+--o †Thelodonti | |-- †Turinia | `-- †Loganellia `--+-- †Pteraspidomorphi `--+-- †Galeaspida `--+-- †Osteostraci `-- Gnathostomata Reference(s):
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After Delsuc, Brickmann, Chourrout & Philippe, 2006<==o Chordata |-- Cephalochordata `--o Olfactores |-- Urochordata `--o Craniata |-- Myxini `-- Vertebrata Reference8s):
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After Janvier, 1997 ["The Tree of Life"]<==o Chordata |?- Urochordata `--+-- Cephalochordata `--o Craniata |-- Myxini `-- Vertebrata |
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Delsuc, F., Brickmann, H., Chourrout, D. & Philippe, H., 2006: Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.
–Nature: Vol. 439, pp. 965-968 [doi: 10.1038/nature04336] - Janvier , P., 1997: Craniata – Animals with skulls
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Craniata&contgroup=Chordata - Janvier , P., 1997: Vertebrata – Animals with backbones.
–iNet : The Tree of Life Project; http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Vertebrata&contgroup=Craniata - Janvier, P., 1999 [preview]: Catching the first fish.
–Nature: Vol. 402, 4 November, pp. 21-22 - Janvier, P., 2008: Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins.
–Zoological Science: Vol. 25, #10, pp. 1045-1056 [doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.1045] - Janvier, P., 2015: Facts and fancies about early fossil chordates and vertebrates.
–Nature: Vol. 520, #7548, pp. 483-489 [doi: 10.1038/nature14437] - Lundberg, J. G., 1995-1997: Chordata
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chordata&contgroup=Deuterostomia - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 6: Selkärangattomat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beaut, Du Monde Animal XI & XII Invertébrés.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Long, J. A., 1995: The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution.
–Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, pp. 1-223 - McCoy, V. E., Saupe, E. E., Lamsdell, J. C., Tarhan, L. G., McMahon, S., Lidgard, S., Mayer, P., Whalen, C. D., Soriano, C., Finney, L., Vogt, S., Clark, E. G., Anderson, R. P., Petermann, H., Locatelli, E. R. & Briggs, D. E. G., 2016: The ‘Tully monster’ is a vertebrate.
–Nature: in press [doi: 10.1038/nature16992] - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600 - Shu, D., Conway Morris, S., Han, J., Zhang, Z.-F., Yasui, K., Janvier, P., Chen, L., Zhang, X.-L., Liu, J.-N., Li, Y. & Liu, H.-Q., 2003: Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys.
–Nature: Vol. 421, pp. 526-529 - Shu, D-G., Luo, H-L., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X-L., Hu, S-X., Chen, L., Han, J., Zhu., M., Li, M., & Chen, L-Z., 1999: Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China.
–Nature: Vol. 402, 4 November, pp. 42-46