Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Deuterostoma – echinoderms, chordates and related animals

After Bourlat et al., 2003, Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004, Bourlat et al., 2006, and Philippe et al., 2011, with some Recent species from “Wikispecies”

Alternative phylogeny after Davidson, Peterson & Cameron, 1995

Alternative phylogeny after Brusca & Brusca, 2002

Alternative phylogeny after Bourlat et al., 2003, Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004, and Bourlat et al., 2006

<==o Deuterostoma Grobben, 1908 [Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908] (deuterostomes; jälkisuiset)
   |--+-- †Saccorhytus coronarius Han, Shu, Ou & Conway Morris in Han, Conway Morris, Ou, Shu & Huang, 2017 [[Saccorhytida Han, Shu, Ou & Conway Morris in Han et al., 2017: Saccorhytidae Han, Shu, Ou & Conway Morris in Han et al., 2017] E.Camb. EAs.
   |  `-- †Vetulicolia Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Chen, Zhang, Zhang, Liu, Li & Liu, 2001
   `--+-- Chordata Haeckel, 1874
      `--o Xenambulacraria
         |--o Xenacoelomorpha Philippe et al., 2011
         |  |--o Xenoturbellida
         |  |  `--o Xenoturbella Westblad, 1949
         |  |     |-- X. bocki Westblad, 1949
         |  |     `-- X. westbladi Israelsson, 1999
         |  `--o Acoelomorpha (acoelomorph flatworms)
         |     |--o Nemertodermatida
         |     |  |--o Ascopariidae Sterrer, 1998
         |     |  |  |--o Ascoparia Sterrer, 1998 [nomen nudum?, not type-species designated]
         |     |  |  |  |-- A. neglecta Sterrer, 1998
         |     |  |  |  `-- A. secunda Sterrer, 1998
         |     |  |  `-- Flagellophora apelti Faubel & Dörjes, 1978
         |     |  `--o Nemertodermatidae Steinböck, 1930
         |     |     |-- Meara stichopi Westblad, 1949
         |     |     |-- Nemertinoides elongatus Riser, 1987
         |     |     |--o Nemertoderma Steinböck, 1930
         |     |     |  |-- N. bathycola
         |     |     |  `-- N. westbladi
         |     |     `-- Sterreria psammicola (Sterrer, 1970) Lundin, 2000 [Nemertoderma psammicola Sterrer, 1970]
         |     `-- Acoela
         `--o Ambulacraria
            |--o Stomochorda Dawydoff, 1948 [Hemichordata Bateson, 1885]
            |  |== Enteropneusta Gegenbaur, 1870 [Enteropneusti Gegenbaur, 1870] (acorn worms; terhomadot)
            |  `-- Graptolithina Bronn, 1849 [Graptolitha (lapsus calami); Graptolithoidea Lapworth, 1875 sensu Beklemishev, 1951 and Mierzejewski, 2002-2004] [incl. Pterobranchia Lankester, 1877] (graptolites and pterobranchs; graptoliitit ja siipikiduksiset)
            `--+--+--o †Dinomischida
               |  |  `--o †Dinomischus Conway Morris, 1977
               |  |     |-- †D. isolatus Conway Morris, 1977
               |  |     `-- †D. venustum Peng, Zhao & Lin, 2006
               |  `--o †Dendrobrachia (cambroernids)
               |     |-- †Phlogites longus Luo & Hu, 1999 [incl.? Cheungkongella]
               |     |-- †Conicula striata Luo & Hu, 1999
               |     |-- †Herpatogaster collinsi Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010
               |     `--+--o †Eldoniida
               |        |  |-- †Eldonia ludwigi Walcott, 1911
               |        |  `-- †Stellostomites eumorphus Sun & Hou, 1987
               |        `--+--o †Rotadiscida
               |           |  |-- †Rotadiscus grandis Sun & Hou, 1987
               |           |  `-- †Pararotadiscus guizhouensis (Zhao & Zhu, 1994) Zhu, Zhao & Chen, 2002 [Rotadiscus guizhouensis Zhao & Zhu, 1994]
               |           `--o †Paropsonemida
               |              |?- †Velumbrella czarnockii Stasinska, 1960
               |              `--o †Paropsonema
               |                 |-- †P. mirabile
               |                 `-- †P. cryptophya
               `--+--o †Cambroclavida Conway Morris & Chen, 1991 (cambroclaves)
                  |  |--o †Parazhijinites
                  |  |  `-- †P. guizhouensis
                  |  |--o †Samsanoffoclavus
                  |  |  `-- †S. matthewi
                  |  |--o †Deiradoclavus
                  |  |  `-- †D. triconus
                  |  |-- †Nikolarites
                  |  `--o Zhinijitidae Qian, 1978
                  |     |-- †Ambarchaeooides
                  |     |--o †Cambroclavus [Sugaites]
                  |     |  |-- †C. bicornus (Qian & Xiao, 1984)
                  |     |  |-- †C. absonus
                  |     |  `-- †C. ludwigsdorfensis
                  |     |-- †Cambrothyra [Nanjiangofolliculus; Mirabifolliculus]
                  |     |-- †Deiradovclavus
                  |     |-- †Deltaclavus
                  |     |-- †Isoclavus
                  |     |-- †Paracarinachites [Yangtzechiton; Luyanhaochiton]
                  |     |-- †Pseudoclavus
                  |     |-- †Sinoclavus
                  |     |-- †Tanbaoites
                  |     |--o †Wushichites
                  |     |  `-- †W. minutus Qian & Xiao, 1984 [Wushichites polyedrus]
                  |     `--o †Zhijinites [Kaiyangites]
                  |        `-- †Z. claviformis Qian & Xiao, 1984 [Zhijinites intermedius]
                  `--o Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791, ex Klein, 1734 sensu lato [paraphyletic basal non-pentaradial echinodermates]
                     |-- †Heterostelea Jaekel, 1918 [members of paraphyletic Homalozoa?]
                     `--+--o †Vetulocystida Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004
                        |  `--o †Vetulocystidae Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004
                        |     |-- †Vetulocystis catenata Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004
                        |     `-- †Dianchicystis jianshanensis Shu, Conway Morris, Han, Zhang & Liu, 2004
                        `--+-- †Ankyroida [members of paraphyletic Homalozoa?]
                           `--+== †Homalozoa [Mitrata; Calcichordata; Stylophora; Caroidea] (mitrates and related bizarre deuterostomes) [possibly primitive echinoderms]
                              `-- Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791, ex Klein, 1734 (Spiny-skinned animals; piikkinahkaiset)

<==o Deuterostomia
   |-- Chordata 
   |--o Ambulacraria
   |  |-- Hemichordata
   |  `-- Echinodermata
   `--+-- †Saccorhytus coronarius
      `--+-- †Vetulocystida
         `-- †Vetulicolia

<==o Deuterostomia
   |--o Ambulacraria
   |  |-- Hemichordata
   |  `-- Echinodermata
   `--o Chordata 
      |-- Cephalochordata
      `--+--+-- †Vetulicolia
         |  `-- Tunicata
         `--+-- †Yunnanozoa
            `--+-- †Pikaia
               `--+-- †Conodonta
                  `-- Vertebrata

<==o Deuterostoma
   |-- Phoronida
   `--+-- Brachiopoda
      `--o Dexiothetica
         |?- †Mitrata
         |--+--+-- †Dinomischida
         |  |   `--+-- †Eldoniida
         |  |      `--+-- †Rotadiscida
         |  |         `-- †Paropsonemida
         |  `--+-- †Cambroclaves
         |     `--+-- †Heterostelea
         |        `-- Echinodermata
         `--+?- Planctosphaera pelagica
            |-- Graptolithina
            `--+-- Enteropneusta
               `-- Chordata

<==o Deuterostoma
   |--+-- Hemichordata
   |  `-- Chordata
   `--+--+-- †Dinomischida
      |  `--+-- †Eldoniida
      |     `--+-- †Rotadiscida
      |        `-- †Paropsonemida
      `--+-- †Cambroclaves
         `--+-- †Heterostelea
            |?-o †Vetulocystida
            |  `--o †Vetulocystidae
            |     |-- †Vetulocystis
            |     `-- †Dianchicystis
            `--+?- †Homalozoa
               `-- Echinodermata

Reference(s):

• Anonymous, 2002: Deuterostomia. Version 01 (temporary) [last updated: 2002-01].
  in The Tree of Life Web Project.
  –iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/Deuterostomia/2466/2002.01.01 [last visited: 2013-03-22]
• Bourlat, S. J., Juliusdottir, T., Lowe, C. J., Freeman, R., Aronowicz, J., Kirschner, M., Lander, E. S., Thorndyke, M., Nakano, H., Kohn, A. B., Heyland, A., Moroz, L. L., Copley, R. R. & Telford, M. J., 2006: Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida.
  –Nature: Vol. 444, #7115, pp. 85-88 [doi: 10.1038/nature05241]
• Bourlat, S. J., Nielsen, C., Lockyer, A. E., Littlewood, D. T. J. & Telford, M. J., 2003: Xenoturbella is a deuterostome that eats mollusks.
  –Nature: Vol. 424, pp. 925-928
• Bulman, O. M. B., 1955: Part V - Grapholithina, with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. xviii-V101.
  in Moore, R. C., ed., 1955: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
  –University of Kansas Press and The Geological Society of America, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.
• Caron, J.-B., Conway Morris, S. & Shu, D., 2010: Tentaculate Fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) Interpreted as Primitive Deuterostomes.
  –Plos One: Vol. 5, #3, pp. e9586 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009586]
• Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
  –Nature, vol. 361, #6409, 21 January, pp. 219-225 [doi: 10.1038/361219a0]
• Davidson, E. H., Peterson, K. J. & Cameron, R. A., 1995: Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms.
  –Science: Vol. 270, pp. 1319-1325
• Gee, H., 2001: On being vetulicolian.
  –Nature: Vol. 414, pp. 407-408
• Han, J., Conway Morris, S., Ou, Q., Shu, D. & Huang, H., 2017: Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China).
  –Nature: in press [doi: 10.1038/nature21072]
• Philippe, H., Brinkmann, H., Copley, R. R., Moroz, L. L., Nakano, H., Poustka, A. J., Wallberg, A., Peterson, K. J. & Telford, M. J., 2011: Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella.
  –Nature: Vol. 470, #7333, pp. 255-258 [doi: 10.1038/nature09676]
• Ruta, M., 1999: A cladistic analysis of the anomalocystid mitrates.
  –Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 127, pp. 345-421
• Shu, D.-G., Conway Morris, S., Han, J., Chen, L., Zhang, X.-L., Zhang, Z.-F., Liu, H.-Q., Li, Y. & Liu, J.-N., 2001: Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China).
  –Nature: Vol. 414, pp. 419-424
• Shu, D.-G., Conway Morris, S., Han, J., Zhang, Z.-F. & Liu, J.-N., 2004: Ancestral echinoderms from the Chengjiang deposits of China.
  –Nature: Vol. 430, pp. 422-428
• Shu, D.-G., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X.-L., Chen, L., Li, Y. & Han, J., 1999: A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of south China.
  –Nature: Vol. 400, pp. 746-749
• Telford, M. J., 2008: Xenoturbellida: The fourth deuterostome phylum and the diet of worms.
  –genesis: Vol. 46, #11, pp. 580-586 [doi: 10.1002/dvg.20414]
• Vinther, J., Smith, M. P. & Harper, D. A. T., 2011: Vetulicolians from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland, and the polarity of morphological characters in basal deuterostomes.
  –Palaeontology: Vol. 54, #3, pp. 711-719 [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01034.x]
• Zhu, M.-Y., Zhao, Y.-L. & Chen, J.-Y., 2002: Revision of the Cambrian discoidal animals Stellostomites eumorphus and Pararotadiscus guizhouensis from South China.
  –Geobios: Vol. 35, #2, pp. 165-185 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00025-6]