As for theme 4, its purpose is to bring together key questions related to the other themes and, consequently, to develop new transdisciplinary research paradigms that combine intellectual traditions in the life sciences and social sciences, as well as a range of participatory approaches to knowing with the help of, for example, citizen science and co-research. Questions of justice and sustainability ethics as well as the dismantling of various hierarchies related to knowledge production (e.g., the Global North versus the Global South; people versus nature; academic versus experience-based knowledge) are placed at the core of the development of novel ways of thinking. This theme is led by Docent Meri Kulmala, Director of INEQ, from the Faculty of Social Sciences.