Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease – and while commonly dismissed due to the availability of modern treatments, it is in fact spreading at an alarming rate: Over the last decades, more than 10 million people around the world have been infected with the syphilis subspecies pallidum of the Treponema pallidum bacteria. Other treponematoses, such as yaws and bejel, are caused by other subspecies of Treponema pallidum. The origins of syphilis, which wreaked havoc in Europe from the late 15th to the 18th century, are still unclear. The most popular hypothesis so far holds Christopher Columbus and his sailors liable for bringing the disease to Europe from the New World.
Yaws already widespread in Europe
The new study indicates a fair possibility that Treponema pallidum already existed in Europe before Columbus ever set sails to America. The researchers found treponematoses in archaeological human remains from Finland, Estonia and the Netherlands. Both molecular dating of the ancient bacterial genomes and traditional radiocarbon dating of the samples were used to estimate the age of the pathogens causing these diseases. The results indicate that the genomes dated back to between the early 15th and 18th century.
In addition to the syphilis cases, the researchers found yaws in one of the individuals. Like syphilis, yaws is transmitted via skin contact, although rarely through sexual intercourse. Today, the disease is only found in tropical and subtropical regions. “Our data indicates that yaws was spread through all of Europe. It was not limited to the tropics, as it is today,” says last author Verena Schünemann, professor of paleogenetics at the Institute of Evolutionary Medicine of the University of Zurich.
Genome of a previously unknown pathogen discovered
The research team also discovered something else: The skeleton found in the Netherlands contained a pathogen belonging to a new, unknown and basal treponemal lineage. This lineage evolved in parallel to syphilis and yaws but is no longer present as a modern-day disease. “This unforeseen discovery is particularly exciting for us, because this lineage is genetically similar to all present treponemal subspecies, but also has unique qualities that differ from them,” says first author Kerttu Majander from UZH.
Because several closely related subspecies of Treponema pallidum existed throughout Europe, it is possible that the diseases persisted in overlapping regions, and sometimes infected the same patient. The spatial distribution in the northern periphery of Europe also suggests that endemic treponematoses had already spread widely in Europe in the early modern period.
Not just Columbus
“Using our ancient genomes, it is now possible for the first time to apply a more reliable dating to the treponema family tree,” says Schünemann. The genetic analyses conducted in this study suggest that the predecessor of all modern Treponema pallidum subspecies likely evolved at least 2,500 years ago. For venereal syphilis in particular, the latest common ancestor existed between the 12th and 16th century.
According to the newly discovered diversity of treponematoses in early modern Europe, syphilis may have either originated or perhaps further developed in the Old World. “It seems that the first known syphilis breakout cannot be solely attributed to Columbus’ voyages to America,” concludes Schünemann. “The strains of treponematoses may have co-evolved and interchanged genetic material before and during the intercontinental contacts. We may yet have to revise our theories about the origins of syphilis and other treponemal diseases”.
The research was carried out in cooperation between the SUGRIGE project on ancient genes of the Universities of Helsinki and Turku, the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany and University of Zurich in Switzerland. The study was funded, among others, by the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Kone Foundation and the Emil Aaltonen Foundation.
Literature:
Kerttu Majander et al.: Ancient Bacterial Genomes Reveal a High Diversity of Treponema pallidum Strains in Early Modern Europe. Current Biology, 13 August 2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.058
Contact in Finland:
- Kerttu Majander, doctoral student, University of Zurich, phone: +41 762 438331, kerttu.majander(at)iem.uzh.ch
- Prof. Päivi Onkamo, group leader for the SUGRIGE project, University of Turku and University of Helsinki, phone: +358 50 4643379, paivi.onkamo(at)utu.fi
Contact in Zurich:
- Prof. Dr. Dr. Verena Schünemann, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, phone. +41 44 635 05 60, verena.schuenemann(at)iem.uzh.ch