Embryophyta (landplants; maakasvit) Hepaticopsida [incl. Marchantiomorpha] (maksasammalet; liverworts) Marchantiomorpha [Marchantiidae] Sphaerocarpales Monocleales Marchantiales Jungermanniideae Jungermanniales Calobryales Metzgeriales Anthoceromorpha Bryophyta (mosses; sammaleet) Sphagnopsida Sphagnales Andreaeopsida (lantern mosses) Andreaeales Bryopsida (peristomate mosses; lehtisammaleet) Polytrichideae Tetraphidadeae Bryideae ?Takakiales ?Isobryales ?Buxbaumiales ?Fissidentales Diphysiales Funariales Timmiales Encalyptales Dicraniidae Archidiales Seligeriales Grimmiales Pottiales Dicranales Bryidae Splachnales Orthotrichales Bryales [Eubryales??] Hedwigiales Rhizogoniales Hookeriales Hypnobryales [Hypnales] †Horneophytopsida †Rhytiopsida [Rhytiophyta] Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes; liekokasvit) †Zosterophyllopsida †Asteroxylales †Drepanophycales Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiales †Prolepidodendrales Selaginellales (Spike mosses; mähkämäiset) Isoetopsida †Lepidodendrales (suomuput) Isoetales (lahnaruohokasvit EUPHYLLOPHYTINA Moniliformopses (kortteet ja saniaiset; horsetails & ferns) Equisetopsida [Sphenopsida] (kortteet; horsetails, sphenophytes) †Iridopteridales †Hyeniales †Pseudoborniales †Sphenophyllales Equisetales (kortteet; horsetails, sphenophytes) †Cladoxylopsida †Cladoxylales †Stauropteridales †Zygopteridales Filicopsida [Pteridophyta] (Ferns; saniaiset) Psilotales (Whisk Ferns) Marattiales Ophioglossales Polypodiidae [Filicales] Marsileales Salviniales “Filicales” [paraphyletic] †Trimerophytopsida Progymnospermopsida (esipaljassiemeniset) †Aneurophytales †Archaeopteridales †Protopityales Spermatopsida (Seed Plants; siemenkasvit) †Lyginopteridales [paraphyletic] †Medullosales †Caytoniales †Peltaspermales †Czekanowskiales †Callistophytales †GLOSSOPTERIDOPHYTA (kielisaniaiset; glossopterids) †Glossopteridales Cycadophyta Cycadales (cycads; käpypalmut) Ginkgoopsida [Ginkgophyta] Ginkgoales (ginkgos, maidenhairtrees; neidonhiuspuut) Coniferophyta [Pinophyta] (conifer-like plants; havupuumaiset siemenkasvit) †Cordaitales [Cordaitopsida] †Voltziales Taxales (yews; marjakuusimaiset) Coniferales [Gymnospermopsida] (conifers; havupuut) Gneticea [Chlamydospermopsida] †Pentoxylales †Cycadeoidales [Bennettitales] (cycadeloids; cycadeloidit) Gnetales Angiospermophytina [Magnoliophyta] (flowering plants; kukkakasvit)
Reference(s):
- Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T., Uotila, P. & Vuokko, S., 1984: Retkeilykasvio.
–Suomen Luonnonsuojelun Tuki Oy & Forssan Kirjapaino Oy, Forssa, 1984, 1-544 - Kenrick, P., & Crane, P., 1996-1999: Embryophytes – Land Plants.
–iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/ - Pryer, K. M., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R., Cranfill, R., Wolf, P. G., Hunt, J. S. & Sipes, S. D., 2001: Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants.
–Nature: Vol. 409, 1 February, pp. 618-621 - Steward, W. N. & Rothwell, G. W., 1993: Paleobotany and the evolution of plants, 2nd Edition.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.S.A., xii-521