After Lovejoy, 1996, McEachran, Miyake & Dunn, 1996, and Rosenberger, L. J., 2001, with species from Mould, 1995-1997
<==o Myliobatoidei Compagno, 1973 [Myliobatiformes] (suurrauskut; great rays) |?- †Gryphodobatis Plioc. NA. |?- †Hypolophites U. Cret. Eoc. Af. |?- †Parapalaeobates U. Cret. SWAs. NAf. |?- †Rhombodus Dames, 1881; U. Cret. Eu. SWAs. NAf. SA. [Rhombodontidae Cappetta, 1987] | |-- †R. binkhosti Dames, 1881 | `-- †R. levis Cappetta & Case, 1975a |--o Plesiobatoidea | |-- Plesiobatis daviesi (Wallace, 1967) [Urotrygon daviesi] [Plesiobatidae, Plesiobatididae] (syvänmerenrausku; deepwater stingray) | `-- Hexatrygon bickelli Heemstra & Smith, 1980 [Hexatrygonidae] (kuusikidusrausku; sixgill stingray) `==o “Dasyatidae” Jordan, 1888 [paraphyletic] |?- †Ishaquia globidens (Arambourg, 1952) Noubhani & Cappetta, 1995 [Dasyatis globidens (Arambourg, 1952)] |?-o Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837 | |-- U. asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | `-- U. ukpam (Smith, 1863) |?- Urolophoides |-- Urolophus Müller & Henle, 1837 [Leiobatis, Trygonoptera] M. Eoc. Eu. Pleist. NA. R. Oc. ()? [26] `--+--+-- Trygonoptera Müller & Henle, 1837 [Urolophus] ()? [8] | `-- Urotrygon Gill, 1863 ()? [10] `--+--+--o Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837 M. Eoc. Plioc. Eu. R. Oc. | | |--o (Taeniura) Müller & Henle, 1837 | | | |-- T. (T.) lymma (Forskal, 1775) | | | `-- T. (T.) grabata (Saint-Hilaire, 1817) | | `--o (Taeniurops) Garman, 1913 | | `-- T. (T.) meyeni Müller & Henle, 1841 | `--+-- “Amphi-American” Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837 | `-- Potamotrygonidae sensu Lovejoy, 1996 (jokirauskut; river stingrays) `==o Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 [Synonyms] ?L. Cret. M. Eoc. Eu. U. Cret. NAf. M. Eoc. Pleist. NA. U. Cret. SA. Mioc. As. Aus. Pleist. EInd. R. Oc. (keihäsrauskut; stingrays, whiprays) [paraphyletic] |?- †D. commercensis Case & Cappetta, 1997 |-- D. kuhli (Müller & Henle, 1841) `--+-- D. violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) [Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)] `--+-- D. sephen (Forskal, 1775) [Pastinachus sephen (Forskal, 1775); Hypolophus sephen (Forskal, 1775)] `--+-- D. pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) `--+--+-- D. brevis (Garman, 1879) | `-- D. say (Le Sueur, 1817) `--+-- D. sabina (Le Sueur, 1824) `--+--+--+-- D. americana Hilbebrant & Schroeder, 1928 | | `-- D. longa (Garman, 1880) [=? D. longus] | `--+-- D. centroura (Mitcill, 1815) | `-- D. lata (Garman, 1880) `--+--+-- D. guttata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | `-- D. geijskesi Boeseman, 1948 `--+-- D. zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841) `--+--+-- D. margaritella Compagno & Roberts, 1984) | `-- “Indo-Western Pacific” Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837 [paraphyletic sensu Lovejoy, 1996] `--o Myliabatoidea |-- Gymnura [Gymnuridae] (perhosrauskut; butterfly rays) `-- Myliobatidae [Myliobatididae] (kotkarauskut; eagle rays)
Reference(s):
- Becker, M. A., Chamberlain jr, J. A. & Wolf, G. E., 2006: Chondrichthyans from the Arkadelphian Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Upper Maastrichtian) of Hot Spring County, Arkansas.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 80, #4, pp. 700-716 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas - Fishes.
–Mergus - Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, pp. 1-1088 - Long, J. A., 1995: The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution.
–Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, pp. 1-223 - Lovejoy, N. R., 1996: Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 117, pp. 207-257 - McEachran, J. D., Miyake, T. & Dunn, K. A., 1996: Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). 63-84
in Stiassny, M. L. J., Parenti, L. R. & Johnson, G. D., (eds.) 1996: Interrelationships of Fishes.
–Academic Press, San Diego, California, xiii-496 - Mould, B., 1995-1997: The nomenclature and distribution of the recent Elasmobranchii.
–iNet: http://ibis.nott.ac.uk/elasmobranch.html - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600 - Rosenberger, L. J., 2001: Phylogenetic relationships within the stringray genus Dasyatis (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae).
–Copeia: Vol. 101, #3, pp. 615-627