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After Winnepennickyx et al., 1998
<==o PROTOSTOMA after Winnepennickyx ey al., 1998 |?- MESOZOA [see Basal Metazoa] |?- SIPUNCULA [Sipunculoidea] (ruiskumadot) |?- MYZOSTOMIDA (norkomadot) |?- KINORHYNCHA (okakaulamadot) |?- LORICIFERA ()? |?- CHAETOGNATHA [incl. †Protoconodonta] (nuolimadot) |?- KINORHYNCHA [Kinorhynchida] |?- NEMATOMORPHA (jouhimadot) |-- MOLLUSCA (nilviäiset) |-- ANNELIDA [+ Vestimentifera & Pogonophora sensu Rouse, 2001] (nivelmadot) |--+-- PHORONIDA (tupsumadot) | `-- BRACHIOPODA (lonkerojalkaiset) |-- ENTOPROCTA (pikarimadot) |-- BRYOZOA [Ectoprocta] (sammaleläimet) |-- GASTROTRICHA (sukaspintaiset) |--+?- CYCLIOPHORA Funch & Kristensen, 1995 | `--+?- ROTIFERA (rataseläimet) | `?- ACANTHOCEPHALA (väkäkärsämadot) |-- LOBOPODA [Onychophora sensu lato] (käsnäjalkaiset; lobopods, velvet worms) |-- NEMATA [Nematoda] (sukkulamadot) `--+-- PRIAPULIDA `--+?- TARDIGRADA (karhukaiset; water bears) |?- MILLIPEDIA [Myriapoda?] (tuhatjalkaiset) |?- CHELICERATA (kynsileukaiset) `--+-- CRUSTACEOMORPHA(äyriäistensukuiset niveljalkaiset) `-- INSECTA [Hexapoda] (hyönteiset; insects)
Note: This tree is from molecular phylogenetic study made by Winnepennickyx, Backeljau & Kristensen (1998). This doesn't agree with a study by Aguinaldo et al. (1997), although it too contains a clade made by priapulids and arthropods. Aguinaldo et al. also contains clade made by phoronids and brachiopods.
Several Protostome-phylums were apparently untreated, I have placed them here too, marked as unsure relationship. [ |?- ]
Funch, P. & Kristensen, R. M., 1995:
Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Endoprocta and Ectoprocta.
–Nature: Vol. 378, 14 December, pp. 711-714
Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company
Winnepennickyx, B. M. H., Backeljau, T. & Kristensen, R. M., 1998:
Relationships of a new phylum Cycliophora.
–Nature: Vol. 393, 18 June, pp. 636-638
© Mikko Haaramo, / Last updated 2003-02-14 / http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo