After Parker, 1982 and
Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned animals; piikkinahkaiset) †Helicoplacoidea †Homalozoa [Mitrata, Calcichordata] †Blastoidea †Cystoidea †Diploporida †Rhombifera Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars; merilijat) †Echmatocrinea †Echmatocrinida †Hemistreptocrinoidea †Hemistreptocrinida †Disparida †Hypocrinida †Camerata †Diplobathrida Moore & Laudon, 1943b †Monobathrida †Cladida †Cyathocrinina †Flexibilia †Taxocrinida †Sagenocrinida Articulata (modern sealilies; nykymerililjat) †Uintacrinida †Roveacrinida Millericrinida [incl. Bourgueticrinida] Cyrtocrinida Isocrinida Comatulida (feather stars; vaeltajamerilijat) Eleutherozoa †Edrioasteroidea Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers; merimakkarat) Apodida Elasipodida (deep-sea sea cucumbers) Aspidochirotida (beche-de-mer, trepang, etc.) Molpadiida (rat-tailed sea cucumbers) Dentrochirotida (suspension-feeding sea cucumbers) Dactylochirotida (plated sea cucumbers, in partim) †Ophiocistioidea Asterozoa Concentricycloidea (sea daisies) Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 (sea stars and cushion stars; meritähdet) Paxillosida [incl. Platyasterida] Valvatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim] Velatida [incl. Spinulosida in partim] Spinulosida s. s. Brisingida Forcipulata †Somasteroidea Spencer, 1951 †Eopentaroida Shackleton, 2005 Ophiuroidea (brittle-stars and basket-stars; käärmetähdet) Oegophiurida Phrynophiurida Ophiurida Echinozoa †Edrioblastoidea Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars; merisiilit) Perischoechinoidea Cidariida [Cidaroida] Euechinoidea Echinothuriida [Echinothurioida] Diadematiida [Diadematoida] Pediniida [Pedinoida] Salenioida Phymosomatoida Arbacioida Temnopleuroida Echinoida Gnathostomata Holectypoida Clypeasteroida Atelostomata Cassiduloida Spatangoida
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 1998: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: California Academy of Sciences: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm [visited: 2002-5 October] - Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Hess, H., Ausich, W. I., Brett, C. E. & Simms, M. J., (eds.) 1999: Fossil Crinoids.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1999, xv-275 - Wray, G. A., 1999: Echinodermata - Spiny-skinned animals: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies. (Updated: 1999-12-14)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Animals; [visited: 2002-10-05] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company