The project Northern Neighbours examines human and non-human relationships in the literatures of the Russian Arctic in the contexts of such modernization processes as colonization and urbanization. Our research material includes literature written by indigenous peoples of the region as well as by ethnic Russians. Our starting point is the idea of neighbourliness, both between the human Arctic communities as well as between humans and their non-human environment: we see that Northern literature has developed through interactions between indigenous peoples and ethnic Russian groups that have lived in the area for a long time.