In the Language Bank: Jussi Ylikoski

Who are you?

I am Jussi Ylikoski, a linguist. I have been working at the University of Oulu for five years as a professor of Saami language, but starting in the autumn of 2022, I will be a professor of Finno-Ugric languages at the University of Turku. So, I do research on quite a few languages, including Finnish.

What is your research topic?

I have worked on quite a large number of research topics on Finnish and other Uralic languages, and partly outside the Uralic family, too. I have mainly focused on grammars (morphology and syntax) of both better- and lesser-known languages, and occasionally also on etymology. When describing present-day languages, I often can’t help looking at them also from a diachronic perspective, and when I study the historical development of these languages, I tend to pay quite a lot of attention to the actual use of modern languages in the light of real text corpora.

How is your research related to Kielipankki?

I have used the corpora available in the Language Bank of Finland particularly as a researcher of Finnish grammar. As early as in 2003, I published an article in which I used the in the Language Bank to show that the verb form known as the so-called fifth infinitive (-maisillaan/–mäisillään, ’on the verge of doing something’) can be used in many other ways in addition to the periphrastic construction with the verb olla (’to be’), contrary to what had been regularly stated in grammars. For instance, the ’forehead veins’ (otsasuonet) may ‘be on the verge of bursting’ (olla repeämäisillään), but they might also be ‘bulging on the verge of bursting’ (pullistella repeämäisillään), or someone may be afraid and ‘waiting (for something) with his/her forehead veins on the verge of bursting’ (odottaa otsasuonet repeämäisillään).

In recent years, I have been fascinated by the larger and larger text corpora containing billions of words that are available through the Language Bank of Finland and other CLARIN services. In my research, I have used e.g. the collection, the , the , , and the . With the help of large corpora, it has been possible to discover, in a way, even new morphological cases also in a well-known and well-described language like Finnish. Among other things, I have studied the syntactic properties of forms traditionally known as the prolative, and I have found them to be used in ways that are much more similar to case forms than what has been suggested by previous research literature. Prolatives are not always only individual adverbs (e.g., maitse ‘by land’ and meritse ‘by sea’), but these forms can also be modified by subordinate clauses (e.g., mailitse jossa on helpompi kaunistella asioita ‘by email where it is easier to embellish facts’ and tekstiviestitse joihin turhan harva vastaa ‘by text messages that tend to be answered by too few’).

I have made my most exciting observations when studying forms that were previously considered as clear-cut derivations, such as lauantaisin ‘on Saturdays’ and viikonloppuisin ‘on weekends’ or kunnittain ‘by/across municipalities’ and aihealueittain ‘by/across thematic areas’. In the multi-billion word corpora searchable through the Korp interface of the Language Bank of Finland, it is possible to find hundreds or even thousands of relatively natural sentences, in which even these kinds of forms can have various modifiers that make them look like noun inflections: elokuun lauantaisin ‘on August Saturdays’, joka lauantaisin ‘on every Saturday’, satunnaisin viikonloppuisin ‘on random weekends’ or, e.g., Suomen kunnittain ‘by the municipalities of Finland’, eri maittain ‘by different countries’ ja tietyin aihealueittain ‘by certain thematic areas’. Since these kinds of temporal and distributive expressions look like case-inflected noun phrases, I have playfully called them “dwarf cases” in analogy to the fact that Pluto that was formerly known as a planet but is now called a dwarf planet.

After working on the hazy boundary between derivation and inflection, I have also ended up studying the abessive case in Finnish (rahatta ‘without money’, internetittä ‘without Internet’, etc.) and the so-called t accusative (minut ‘me’, meidät ‘us’, etc.) more thoroughly than before. Even though I personally like to observe and to describe forms and syntactic structures largely by means of descriptive linguistics, the tools of the Language Bank do also offer a lot of opportunities for those who are interested in quantitative analysis.

In addition to the corpora in the Language Bank of Finland, I have also used the corpora of Saami languages and many other Uralic minority languages that have been produced by the language technologists in Tromsø, Norway. The corpora are available via the Korp service maintained by , i.e., the user interface is similar to that of the Korp service in the Language Bank of Finland. Those who are interested also in other Uralic languages besides Finnish can access the corpora in the Tromsø Korp service ( and ). With 63 million words of annotated Mari, what more can a Uralicist wish for?

Publications related to Kielipankki

Salminen, Jutta (2020). . (The meaning and import of epäillä: The polar ambiguity of the Finnish verb epäillä ‘doubt, suspect, suppose’ and its nominal derivatives as a reflection of the semantics of negation and negativity.) Doctoral dissertation. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.

Salminen, Jutta (2018). . Functions of Language 25(2): 259–288.

Salminen, Jutta (2017). . (What does epäillä mean? On the polar meaning variation of the verb epäillä in Modern Finnish.) Virittäjä 121: 4–36.

Salminen, Jutta (2017). . (The polar ambiguity of the Finnish verb epäillä as evidenced through meaning development.) Virittäjä 121: 37–66.

Salminen, Jutta (2017). . (Epäily or epäilys? Shared polysemy and specialised typical uses.) Sananjalka 59: 217–243.

More information on the aforementioned resources in Kielipankki

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The  consortium consists of a group of Finnish universities along with CSC – IT Center for Science and the Institute for the Languages of Finland (Kotus). FIN-CLARIN helps the researchers in Finland to use, to refine, to preserve and to share their language resources.  is the collection of services that provides the language materials and tools for the research community.