After Paps, Bagañà & Riutort, 2009
<==o Protostoma sensu Zrzavý et al., 2001 (alkusuiset) |--o Ecdysozoa (nahanluojat) | |?- Chaetognatha [incl. †Protoconodonta[ (nuolimadot) | |--+-- Nematomorpha (jouhimadot) | | `-- Nemata [Nematoda] (sukkulamadot) | `?-+--+-- Kinorhyncha (okakaulamadot) | | `-- Priapulida [Priapuloidea] (makkaramadot) | `--+-- Tardigrada (karhukaiset; water bears) | `-- Arthropoda (niveljalkaiset; arthropods) `--o Lophotrochozoa sensu lato |-- Gnathostomulida (kampaleukamadot) `--+-- Gastrotricha (sukaspintaiset) `--+--o Gnathifera | |-- Limnognathia maerski [Micrognathozoa] | `--+-- Rotifera | `-- Acanthocephala (väkäkärsämadot) `--o Lophotrochozoa sensu stricto |--+-- Platyhelmithes (laakamadot) | `--+-- Bryozoa [Ectoprocta] (sammaleläimet) | `--+-- Cycliophora Funch & Kristensen, 1995 | `-- Entoprocta (pikarimadot) `--+-- Nemertea [Nemertinea] (limamadot) `--+--+-- Echiura [Echiuroidea] (tähtimadot) | `--+-- Sipuncula [Sipunculoidea] (ruiskumadot) | `-- Annelida [incl. Vestimentifera & Pogonophora sensu Rouse, 2001] (nivelmadot) `--+-- Mollusca (nilviäiset) `--o Brachiozoa |-- Phoronida (tupsumadot) `-- Brachiopoda (lonkerojalkaiset)
Reference(s):
- Funch, P. & Kristensen, R. M., 1995: Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Endoprocta and Ectoprocta.
–Nature: Vol. 378, 14 December, pp. 711-714 - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Paps, J., Bagañà, J. & Riutort, M., 2009: Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 276, pp. 1245-1254 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1574] - Szaniawski, H., 2002: New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 47, #3, pp. 405-419