Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Synapsida – Mammal-like amniotes

After Benson, 2012

<==o Synapsida Osborn, 1903 (yksiohimoaukkoiset amniootit; mammal-like amniotes)
   |--+-- †Ophiacodontidae Nopcsa, 1923
   |  `-- †Varanopseidae (Romer & Price, 1940) Langston & Reisz, 1981 [Varanopsidae (Romer & Price, 1940); Varanopidae (Romer & Price, 1940) Reisz & Dilkes, 2003; Benson, 2012]
   `--+--o †Caseasauria Williston, 1912 sensu Reisz, 1986?
      |  |--o †Eothyrididae Romer & Price, 1940
      |  |  |-- †Eothyris parkeyi Romer, 1937
      |  |  `-- †Oedaleops campi Langston, 1962
      |  `-- †Caseidae Williston, 1912
      `--o Eupelycosauria Kemp, 1982 (purjeliskot; nisäkäslikot ja nisäkkäät; fin-backed sphenacodonts, therapsids and mammals)
         |-- †Edaphosauridae Cope, 1882 sensu Modesto, 1995
         `--o Sphenacodontia Williston 1912 (non Marsh, 1878) sensu Romer & Price, 1940 [Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 sensu lato]
            |?- †Bathygnathus borealis [AMNH-2325]
            |?- †Macromerion Fritsch, 1879 [Macrornerion (an OCR error)]
            |?- †Milosaurus mccordi DeMar, 1970
            |?- †Tetraceratops insignis Matthew, 1908
            |?- †Palaeohatteria longicaudata Credner, 1888 [Haplodus, paraphyletic Haplodontinae]
            |--o †Haptodus Gaudry, 1886 sensu Currie, 1977 [paraphyletic Haplodontinae]
            |  |-- †H. beylei Gaudry. 1886
            |  |-- †H. grandis Paton, 1974
            |  `-- †H. garnettensis Currie, 1977
            `--+-- †Pantelosaurus saxonicus Von Huene, 1925 [Haplodus, paraphyletic Haplodontinae]
               `--o Sphenacodontoidea Williston 1912 (non Marsh, 1878)
                  |-- Therapsida Broom, 1905 (nisäkäsmäiset synapsidit, mammallike synapsids)
                  `--o Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 sensu Benson, 2012
                     |-- †Cutleria wilmarthi Lewis & Vaughn, 1965 [Haplodus, paraphyletic Haplodontinae]
                     `-- †Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 (non Williston 1912) sensu stricto

Synapsida incertae sedis:

    †Echinerpeton intermedium Reisz, 1972
    †Elcabrosaurus baldwini
    †Nitosaurus jacksonorum Romer, 1937 [AMNH-4796]
    †Poecilospondylus francisi
    †Scoliomus puercensis Williston & Care, 1913
    †Trichasaurus texensis Williston, 1913
    †Wangwosaurus tayuensis Young, 1979
    †Xyrospondylus Rice et al., 1982

    †Nikkasauridae Ivakhnenko, 2000
        †Nikkasaurus tatarinovi Ivakhnenko, 2000
        †Reiszia Ivakhnenko, 2000
            †R. gubini Ivakhnenko, 2000 (Type)
            †R. tippula Ivakhnenko, 2000

<==o Synapsida
   |-- †Eothyrididae [paraphyletic Ophiacodontia]
   `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae [paraphyletic Ophiacodontia]
      `--+--+-- †Edaphosauridae
         |  `-- †Caseidae
         `--+-- †Varanopseidae
            `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae
               `-- Therapsida

<==o Synapsida
   |--o †Caseasauria
   |  |-- †Eothyrididae
   |  `-- †Caseidae
   `--+-- †Edaphosauridae
      `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae
         `--+-- †Varanopseidae
            `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae
               `-- Therapsida

<==o Synapsida
   |--+-- †Varanopseidae
   |  `--o †Caseasauria
   |     |-- †Eothyrididae
   |     `-- †Caseidae
   `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae
      `--+-- †Edaphosauridae
         `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae
            `-- Therapsida

<==o Synapsida
   |--o †Caseasauria
   |  |-- †Eothyrididae
   |  `-- †Caseidae
   `--+-- †Varanopseidae
      `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae
         `--+-- †Edaphosauridae
            `--+-- †Sphenacodontidae
               `-- Therapsida

<==o Synapsida
   |--o †Caseasauria
   |  |-- †Eothyrididae
   |  `-- †Caseidae
   `--o Eupelycosauria
      |-- †Varanopseidae
      `--+-- †Ophiacodontidae
         `--+-- †Edaphosauridae
            `--o Sphenacodontia [Sphenacodontidae sensu lato]
               |-- †Haptodus
               `--+-- †Palaeohatteria
                  `--+-- †Pantelosaurus
                     `--+-- †Cutleria
                        `--o Sphenacodontoidea
                           |-- †Sphenacodontidae
                           `-- Therapsida

Reference(s):

• Benson, R. B. J., 2012: Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies.
  –Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: in Press, pp. 1-24 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.631042]
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698
• Ford, T. L., 2006: Taxonomic lists.
  –iNet: Paleofile.com: http://www.paleofile.com/Demo/; [visited: 2006-03-03]
• Langston, W. & Reisz, R. R., 1981: Aerosaurus wellesi, new species, a varanopseid mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Pelycosauria) from the Lower Permian of New Mexico.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 1, #1, pp. 73-96
• Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The osteology and relationships of Tetraceratops insignis, the oldest known therapsid.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #1, pp. 95-102
• Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-: Synapsida - Mammals and their extinct relatives.
  –iNet: Tree of Life
• Laurin , M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-: Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids.
  –iNet: Tree of Life

Special thanks to:

Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.