After Carroll, 1988, Laurin & Reisz, 1997-1998, Kazlev, 1998-2000, and Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler & Schweiss, 2011, with species from “The Paleobiology Database”
<==o †Sphenacodontidae Marsh, 1878 sensu stricto |?- †Ctenorhachis jacksoni Hook & Hotton, 1991 |?- †Neosaurus cynodus Nopcsa, 1923 |--o †Secodontosaurus Romer, 1936 | |?- †S.? sp. [AMNH-21300] | |?- †S.? willistoni [AMNH-21272] | |?- †S. longiramus [AMNH-4091] | |-- †S. willistoni Romer, 1936 | `-- †S. obtusidens Romer, 1936 [AMNH-4007] `--o †Sphenacodontinae Marsh, 1878 |-- †Cryptovenator hirschbergeri Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler & Schweiss, 2011 `--+--o †Sphenacodon Marsh, 1878 [Oxyodon] | |?- †S. sp. [AMNH-21020] | |?- †S.? sp. [AMNH-1143] | |?- †S. britannicus | `--o [two, possibly cospecific forms, male & female??] | |-- †S. ferox Marsh, 1878 [AMNH-4708] | `-- †S. ferocior Romer, 1937 |--o †Ctenospondylus Romer, 1936 | |-- †C. casei Romer, 1936 [AMNH-4047] | `-- †C. ninevehensis Berman, 1978 `--o †Dimetrodon Cope, 1878 [Bathyglyptus, Embolophorus, Theropleura] |-- †D. teutonis Berman, Reisz, Martens & Henrici, 2001 |-- †D. milleri Romer, 1937 |-- †D. natalis (Cope, 1877) |-- †D. limbatus (Cope, 1877) [?†D. limbatis [AMNH-25739]] `-- †D. grandis (Case, 1907)
Sphenacodontidae nomina dubia, nomina invalida and indeterminate:
†Eosyodon hudsoni Olson, 1962; Kammerer, 2011
†Dimetrodon sp. [AMNH-21030]
†Dimetrodon? sp. [AMNH-21102]
†Dimetrodon gigas [AMNH-4023]
†Dimetrodon incisivus [AMNH-4116]
†Dimetrodon platycentrus [AMNH-4065]
†Dimetrodon rectiformis [AMNH-4013]
†Dimetrodon semiradicatus [AMNH-4001]
†Dimetrodon fritillus [Embolophorus fritillus [AMNH-4010]]
†Dimetrodon kempae Romer, 1937 [?†D. kempi [AMNH-24721]]
†Dimetrodon dollovianus (Cope, 1888)
†Dimetrodon macrospondylus (Cope, 1884)
†Dimetrodon occidentalis Berman, 1977
†Dimetrodon booneorum Romer, 1937
†Dimetrodon sp. cf. D. booneorum [AMNH-4023]
†Dimetrodon gigashomogenes Case, 1907 [?†D. homogenus [AMNH-21127]]
†Dimetrodon loomisi Romer, 1937
†Dimetrodon angelensis Olson, 1962
Note:
The taxonomy and species count of the famous sphenacodont Dimetrodon are highly suspicious, and I wouldn't be very surprised to find out that only a couple of species existed. Thus, I'm currently looking a good revision of the group. Currently valid Dimetrodon species apper to be D. teutonis, D. milleri, D. natalis, D. limbatus and D. grandis (Berman, Reisz, Martens & Henrici, 2001, Brink & Reisz, 2014).
Reference(s):
- Berman, D. S., Henrici, A. C., Sumida, S. S. & Martens, T., 2000: Redescription of Seymouria sanjuanensis (Seymouriamorpha) from the Lower Permian of Germany based on complete, mature specimens with a discussion of paleoecology of the Bromacker locality assemblage.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 253-268 - Berman, D. S., Reisz, R. R., Martens, T. & Henrici, A. C., 2001: A new species of Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Lower Permian of Germany records first occurence of genus outside of North America.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 38, #5, pp. 803-812 - Brink, K. S. & Reisz, R. R., 2014: Hidden dental diversity in the oldest terrestrial apex predator Dimetrodon.
–Nature Communication: Vol. 5, pp. 1-9 [doi: 10.1038/ncomms4269] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Fröbisch, J., Schoch, R. R., Müller, J., Schindler, T. & Schweiss, D., 2011: A New Basal Sphenacodontid Synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 56, #1, pp. 113-120 [doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0039] - Hook, R. W. & Hotton III, N., 1991: A new sphenacodontid pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of North-Central Texas.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 11, #1, pp. 37-44 - Kammerer, C. F. 2011: Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia).
–Journal of Systematic Paleontology: Vol. 9, #2, pp. 261-304 [doi: 10.108/14772019.2010.492645] - Kazlev, M. A., 1998-2000: Sphenacodontidae
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/pelycosauria/Sphenacodontidae.htm - Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997-1998: Synapsida – Mammals and their extinct relatives.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/synapsida.html - Laurin , M. & Reisz, R. R., 1997: Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/synapsidlichen/synapsidasynapomorphies.html
Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species of these animals.