Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Phocidae – true seals

After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Cozzuol, 2001, Berta & Churchill, 2012, and Amson & de Muizon, 2013; with recent species from Nowak, 1991

<==o Phocidae Gray, 1821 (true seals; hylkeet)
   |?- †“Prophoca” rousseaui (Van Beneden 1876) [=? Monotherium rousseaui van Beneden, 1876]
   |?- †Prophoca proxima Van Beneden, 1876
   |?- †Necromites nestoris Bogachev, 1940
   |?- †Palaeophoca nystii Van Beneden 1859 [a sperm whale?]
   |?- †Miophoca vetusta Zapfe, 1937
   |?- †Sarmatonectes sintsovi Koretsky, 2001
   |-- †Devinophoca claytoni Koretsky, 2001; M.Mioc. EEu.
   `==o Monachinae Gray, 1869 [non? Gray, 1821] (monk seals; munkkihylkeensukuiset)
      |--o Monarchini Gray, 1869 (munkkihylkeet)
      |  |-- †Palmidophoca callirhoe Ginsburg & Janvier, 1975
      |  |-- †Monachopsis pontica Kretzoi, 1941
      |  |--o †Pristiphoca Gervais, 1853
      |  |  |-- †P. occitana Gervais, 1852
      |  |  `-- †P. rugidens (Meyer, 1845) [Monachus (Pristiphoca) rugidens Meyer, 1845; Trouessart 1898]
      |  |-- †Properiptychus argentinus (Ameghino, 1897) Koretsky 2001 [Periptychus argentinus Ameghino, 1897]
      |  |-- †Messiphoca mauretanica de Muizon, 1981 
      |  |-- †Callophoca obscura Van Beneden, 1876 [Mesotaria ambigua]
      |  |-- †Pliophoca etrusca Tavani, 1941
      |  `--+--o †Pontophoca Kretzoi, 1941
      |     |  |-- †P. sarmatica (Alekseev 1924) [Phoca sarmatica Alekseev, 1924]
      |     |  `-- †P. simionescui Kretzoi, 1941
      |     `--o Monachus Fleming, 1822 (monk seals; munkkihylkeet)
      |        |-- M. schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 (Hawaiian monk seal; havaijinmunkkihylje)
      |        |-- †M. tropicalis (Gray, 1850) [Phoca tropicalis Gray, 1850] (Caribbean monk seal, West Indian seal, sea wolf; floridanmunkkihylje) [last seen in 1952, declared extinct 2008]
      |        `-- M. monachus (Hermann, 1779) (Mediterranean monk seal; munkkihylje)
      `--+--o Mirounga Gray, 1827 (Elephant seals; merinorsut, norsuhylkeet)
         |  |-- M. angustirostris (Gill, 1866) (Northern elephant seal; pohjanmerinorsu)
         |  `-- M. leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Southern elephant seal; etelänmerinorsu)
         `--+--o Lobodontini Gray, 1869 (etelänhylkeet)
            |  |?-o †Monotherium van Beneden, 1876
            |  |  |?- †M.? wymani (Leidy, 1853)
            |  |  |?- †M. affine van Beneden, 1876
            |  |  |?- †M. rousseaui van Beneden, 1876
            |  |  |-- †M. aberratum van Beneden, 1876
            |  |  |-- †M. gaudini (Guiscardi 1870) [Monachus (Pristiphoca) gaudini, Phoca gaudini]
            |  |  `-- †M. delognii van Beneden, 1876 [type]
            |  |-- †Hadrokirus martini Amson & de Muizon, 2013
            |  |--+-- Lobodon carcinophagus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842) Gray, 1844 (Crabeater seal; krillihylje)
            |  |  `-- Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville, 1820) Gistel, 1848 (sea leopard; merileopardi)
            |  `--+-- Ommatophoca rossi (Gray, 1844) (Ross' seal; rossinhylje)
            |     `-- Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826) Gill, 1872 (Weddell seal; weddellinhylje)
            `--+-- †Acrophoca longirostris
               `--+-- †Piscophoca pacifica
                  `--+-- †Homiphoca capensis Hendey & Repenning, 1972
                     `-- Phocinae Gray, 1821 (pohjanhylkeet)

<==o Phocidae
   |-- Phocinae
   `--o Monachinae
      |--o Monarchini
      |  |-- †Pliophoca etrusca
      |  `-- Monachus monachus
      `--+--+-- †Callophoca obscura
         |  `-- Mirounga leonina
         `--o LobodontiniHomiphoca capensis
            |  `--+-- †Piscophoca pacifica
            |     `-- †Hadrokirus martini
            `--+-- †Acrophoca longirostris
               `--+--+-- Leptonychotes weddellii
                  |  `-- Ommatophoca rossi
                  `--+-- Lobodon carcinophagus
                     `-- Hydrurga leptonyx

Reference(s):

• Amson, E. & de Muizon, C., 2013: A new durophagous phocid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the late Neogene of Peru and considerations on monachine seals phylogeny.
  –Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 12, #5, pp. 523-548 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2013.799610]
• Berta, A. & Churchill, M., 2012: Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description.
  –Mammal Review: Vol. 42, #3, pp. 207-234 [doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x]
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Cozzuol, M. A., 2001: A "northern" seal from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for phocid phylogeny and biogeography. –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 2001, #3, pp. 415-421
• Koretsky, I. A. & Barnes, L. G., 2006: Pinniped evolutionary history and paleobiography. 143-153
  in Csiki, Z., (eds.) 2006: Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates and paleoenviroments – Tributes to the career of Dan Grigorescu.
  –Romanian Society of Paleontologists, Bucharest, 2006
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
• Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
  –The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii
• Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
  –The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629