After McKenna & Bell, 1997
Alternative phylogeny of selected early Primates after Gunnell, Ciochon, Gingerich & Holroyd, 2002 and Gunnell & Miller, 2001
<==o Primates Linnaeus, 1758 (primates; kädelliset) |-- Strepsirrhini É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 [Prosimia] `--o Haplorrhini |?-o †Teilhardina Simpson, 1940 sensu Ni, Wang, Hu & Li, 2004 [see Note] | |-- †T. belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927) Simpson, 1940 | `-- †T. asiatica Ni, Wang, Hu & Li, 2004 `--+-- Tarsiiformes Gregory, 1915 (kummituseläimet) `-- Anthropoidea Mivart, 1864 [Simiiformes Haeckel, 1866] (“higher” primates, monkeys & apes; apinat)
Note:
Recent phylogenetic analysis by Ni, Wang, Hu & Li (2004) seems to indicate that †Teilhardina Simpson, 1940 is a polyphyletic taxon and the name should be restricted to typespecies †Teilhardina belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927) Simpson, 1940 and new taxon †Teilhardina asiatica Ni, Wang, Hu & Li, 2004, which are sistertaxa.
Other species of †Teilhardina (†T. americana Bown, 1976; †T. crassidens Bown & Rose, 1987; †T. tenuicula Jepsen, 1930; †T. brandti Gingerich, 1993, †T. demissa Rose, 1995, and T. gingerichi Rose et al., 2012), seems to be related to anaptomorphine omomyids.
Phylogeny of selected early Primates after Gunnell, Ciochon, Gingerich & Holroyd, 2002, and Gunnell & Miller, 2001<==o Primates |-- †Teilhardina [are Anaptomorphines [Tarsiiformes: Omomyidae]] `--+-- †Eosimiidae `--+-- †Cantius [are Notarchines [Strepsirrhini: Notarchidae]] `--+-- †Notarctus [are Notarchines [Strepsirrhini: Notarchidae]] `--+?- †Aframonius dieides [is a caenopithecine [Strepsirrhini: Adapidae]] `--+?- †Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992 `--+-- †Hesperolemur [are Notarchines [Strepsirrhini: Notarchidae]] |-- †Siamopithecus eocaenus [is a Pondaungine [Strepsirrhini: Notarchidae]] |--o †Pondaungini Ciochon & Holroyd, 1994 [are notarchids [Strepsirrhini: Notarchidae]] | |-- †Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937 [incl. A. bahinensis] | `--o †Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927 | |-- †P. cotteri Pilgrim, 1927 [incl. P. minuta Jaeger et al., 1998] | `-- †P. savagei Gunnell, Ciochon, Gingerich & Holroyd, 2002 `--o Anthropoidea |-- †Quatrania wingi [is a Parapithecid [Parapithecoidea: Parapithecidae]] |--o †Parapithecidae [Parapithecidae: Parapithecinae] | |-- †Arsinoea kallimos | `--+-- †Serapia eocaena | `--o †Apidium | |-- †A. phiomense | `-- †A. moustafai `--+-- †Propliopithecidae `--+-- Cercopithecoidea (vanhan maailman häntäapinat; old world monkies) `-- Hominoidea (ihmisapinat; apes) Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Hartwig, W. C., (eds.) 2002: The Primate Fossil Record.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2002, xiv-530 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Ni, X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y. & Li, C., 2004: A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China.
–Nature: Vol. 427, #1, pp. 65-68 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Pettigrew, J. D., Jamieson, B. G. M., Robson, S. K., Hall, L. S., McAnally, K. I., & Cooper, H. M., 1989: Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates).
–Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological series, Vol. 325, pp. 489-559