After Oliviera, 2006
Alternative phylogeny after Rowe, 1988, and Luo, 1994
Alternative phylogeny after Rubidge & Sidor, 2001, Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005, and Sidor & Hancox, 2006
<==o Eucynodontia (advanced cynodonts and mammals) |--o †Cynognathia | `--o †Cynognathidae | `--o †Cynognathus Seeley, 1895 [Cynidiognathus Haughton, 1922, Lycaenognathus, Lycochampsa, Karoomys browni Broom, 1903] | |?- †C. longiceps (Haughton, 1922) [Cynidiognathus longiceps] | |?- †C. ferox [Lycochampsa ferox] | `-- †C. crateronotus Seeley, 1895 [?Cistecynodon parvus Brick & Kitching, 1953 (juvenile)] `--o Probainognathia Hopson, 1990 sensu oliviera, 2006 |-- †Lumkuia fuzzi Hopson & Kitching, 2001 `--+-- †Chiniquodontidae v. Huene, 1936 after Carroll, 1988 [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Probainognathidae | |?- †Lepagia gaumemsis Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 | `-- †Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970 `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea Cope, 1884 [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Prozostrodon brasiliensis (Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987) Bonaparte & Barberena, 2001 [†Thrinaxodon brasiliensis Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987] |-- Mammaliaformes Rowe, 1988 [Mammalia sensu Luo, 1994 [sensu lato]] (mammals and near-mammals; nisäkkäät) |?-o †Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872 | |-- †Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons, 1857 | `--o †Microconodon Osborn, 1886 | |-- †M. sp. [Dykes, 2001] | `-- †M. tenuirostris Osborn, 1886 `--o †Ictidosauria Broom, 1929 [taxonomic history] |--o †Brasilodontidae sensu Oliviera, 2006 | |-- †Brasilodon quadrangularis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003 | `-- †Brasilitherium riograndensis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003 `--+--o †Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 [Chiniquodontidae in partim (Carroll, 1988)] [incl. Riograndidae Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001] | |-- †Charruodon tetracuspidatus Abdala & Ribeiro, 2000 | |-- †Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 | |-- †Meurthodon gallicus Sigogneau-Russell & Hahn, 1994 | `-- †Riograndia guaibaensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 `--o †Tritheledontidae Broom, 1912 [taxonomic history] |?- †Theioherpeton |?- †Tritheledon riconoi Broom, 1912 [Trithelodon ] |-- †Chalimia musteloides Bonaparte, 1978 `--+-- †Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958 [Diarthrognathidae Crompton, 1958] |-- †Elliotherium kersteni Sidor & Hancox, 2006 |-- †Irajatherium hernandezi Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005 `--o †Pachygenelus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia Lees & Mills, 1983; Pachygenelius] |-- †P. monus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia likhoelensis Lees & Mills, 1983] |-- †P. sp. cf. P. monus [Shubin, Olsen & Sues, 1994] [McCoy Brook Formation, Canada, North America] `-- †P. broomi (Crompton, 1958) [Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958]
Eucynodontia, not treated by Oliviera (2006):
†Ecteninion lunensis Martinez, May & Forster, 1996
Chiniquodontoidea Huene, 1936 [Tritheledontidae sensu Luo, 1994]
†Eoraetia siegerti W.O. Dietrich, 1937; U.Trias. CEu.
†Kunminia minima Young, 1947; L.Jur. SEAs.
†“Hahnia” obliqua Godefroit & Battail, 1997 [generic name preoccubied (Dykes, 2001)]
†Maubeugia lotharingica Godefroit & Battail, 1997
Nomina dubia & invalida:
†Pachygenelus milleri Chatterjee, 1983; U.Trias. SWNA. [parts of fish (Sidor & Hancox, 2006)]
Reference(s):
- Abdala, F. & Ribeiro, A. M., 2000: A new therioherpentid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Middle Triassic), Southern Brasil.
–Geodiversitas: Vol: 22, #4, 589-595 - Bonaparte, J. F., Ferigolo, J. & Ribeiro, A. M., 2001: A primitive Late Triassic “ictidosaur” from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 44, #4, pp. 623-635 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Dykes, T., 2001: Triassic cynodonts: Chiniquodontoidea, an internet directory.
–iNet: http://home.nexgo.de/ktdykes/chiniq.htm - Dykes, T., 2001: Personal correspondence.
- Flynn, J. J., Parrish, J. M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W. F., Whatley, R. L., & Wyss, A. R., 1999: A Triassic fauna form Madagaskar, including early dinosaurs.
–Science: Vol. 286, 22 October, pp. 763-765 - Godefroit, P. & Battail, B., 1997: Late Triassic cynodonts from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (north-eastern France).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 19, #3, pp. 567-631 - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Trithelodontidae.
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Trithelodontidae.html - Luo, Z. 1994: Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters. 98-128.
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Martinelli, A. G., Bonaparte, J. F., Schultz, C. L., & Rubert, R., 2005: A new tritheledontid (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and its phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous non-mammalian eucynodonts.
–Ameghiniana: Vol. 42, #1, pp. 191-208 - Martinez, R. N., May, C. L. & Forster, C. A., 1996: A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #2, pp. 271-284 - Oliveira, É. V., 2006: Reevaluation of Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 (Probainognathia, Therioherpentidae) from the Upper Triassicof Brazil.
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 28, #3, pp. 447-465 - Sidor, C. A. & Hancox, P. J., 2006: Elliotherium kersteni, a new trithelodontid from the lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) os South Africa.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 80, #2, pp. 333-342 - Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Hahn, G., 1994: Late Triassic microvertebrates from central Europe. 197-213
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Sues, H.-D., Olsen, P. E. & Kroehler, P. A., 1994: Small tetrapods from the Upper Triassic of the Richmond basin (Newark Supergroup), Virginia. 161-170
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Rowe, T., 1988: Defenition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 8, #3, pp. 241-264 - Rubidge, B. S. & Sidor, C. A., 2001: Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids.
–Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: Vol. #32, pp. 449-480
Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.