After Shoshoni & Tassy (eds.), 1996
<==o Elephantidae Gary, 1821 (modern elephants; varsinaiset norsut) |--o †Stegolophodon | |?- †S. maluvalensis | |?- †S. primitium | |-- †S. latidens | |-- †S. hueiheensis | |-- †S. prolatidens | |-- †S. pseudolatidens | |-- †S. nasaiensis | `-- †S. sahabianus `--+--o †Stegotetrabelodon Patrocchi, 1941 | |-- †S. exoletus | |-- †S. syrticus Patrocchi, 1941 [Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi, 1943; Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi, 1943] | `-- †S. orbus Maglio, 1970 `--+-- †Stegodibelodon schneideri Coppens, 1972 `--+--o †Stegodon [Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918] | |-- †S. elephatoides | |-- †S. insignis | |?- †S. ?luzonensis | |-- †S. sompoensis | |-- †S. zhaotongensis | |-- †S. trigonocephalus | |-- †S. kaisensis | `--+-- †S. zdanskyi | `--+?- †S. orientalis Shikama, 1949 | |-- †S. miensis Matsumoto [S. shinshuensis Fossil Elephant Research Group, 1979] | `--+-- †S. protoaurorae Aiba, Baba & Matsukawa, 2010; L.Pleist. EAs. | `-- †S. aurorae Matsumoto, 1918; Pleist. EAs. `--o Elephantinae Gray, 1821 (nyky-norsut; modern elephants) |--o †Primelephas Maglio, 1970 | |-- †P. gomphotheroides Maglio, 1970 | `-- †P. korotorensis (Coppens, 1965) [Stegodon korotorensis Coppens, 1965] `--+--o Elephantini Gray, 1821 | |-- Elephas Linnaeus, 1758 (elephants; aasiannorsut, aasianelefantit) | `-- †Mammuthus Brookes, 1828 (mammuts; mammutit) `--o Loxodontini Osborn, 1918 `--o Loxodonta Anonymous, 1827 [non Cuvier, F., 1825] (african elephants; afrikannorsut, afrikanelefantit) |--o †L. adaurora Maglio, 1970 | |-- †L. a. adaurora | `-- †L. a. kararae `--+-- †L. exoptata `--+-- †L. atlantica angammensis Coppens, 1965 `--+-- †L. atlantica atlantica (Pomel, 1879) [Elephas (Loxodon) zulu Scott, 1907] `--+-- L. cyclotis (Matschie, 1900) [L. africana cyclotis] (metsänorsu, pyöreäkorva, afrikanmetsänorsu) `--o L. africana (Blumenbach, 1797) (afrikansavanninorsu) |-- L. a. africana (savanni-, afrikanaro-, isokorvanorsu) `-- L. a. capensis (kapinnorsu)
Note:
Primitive, non-elephantine elephants are often placed in a family Stegodontidae Osborn, 1918 or in a paraphyletic subfamily †Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre, 1969 [non? Petrocchi, 1941] within Elephantidae (Shoshoni & Tassy, 1996).
Reference(s):
- Aiba, H., Baba, K. & Matsukawa, M., 2010: A new species of Stegodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Kazusa Group (lower Pleistocene), Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan and its evolutionary morphodynamics.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 53, #3, pp. 471-490 [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00953.x] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Coppens, Y., Maglio, V. J., Madden, C. T. & Beden, M., 1978: Proboscidea. 336-367.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Ferretti, M. P., Rook, L. & Torre, D., 2003: Stegotetrabelodon (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the Late Miocene of southern Italy.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #3, pp. 659-666 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991. xii-643-1629. - Roca, A. L., Georgiadis, N., Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J., 2001: Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa.
–Science: Vol. 293, 24 August, pp. 1473-1477 - Shoshoni, J., & Tassy, P., (eds.), 1996: The Proboscidea - Evolution and paleontology
of elephants and their relatives.
–Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, xxx - 472