After Hulbert, 1989, Bernor, Tobien & Woodburne, 1990 and Bernor, Koufos, Woodburne & Fortelius, 1996
<==o †Hippotheriini Bonaparte, 1850 [Hipparionini Quinn, 1955] |--o †Hipparionini genera indet. [Hulbert, 1989] | |-- †“Merychippus” isonesus | `-- †“Merychippus” sejunctus `--+--o †Neohipparion -genus-group | |?- †Plesiohipparion longipes Gromova, 1952 | |-- †“Merychippus” coloradense | `--+--o †Neohipparion Gidley, 1903 | | |-- †N. affine | | |-- †N. whitneyi [N. affine] | | |-- †N. trampasense | | |-- †N. leptode | | |-- †N. eurysryle | | |-- †N. phosphorum [N. eurysryle] | | |-- †N. floresi [N. eurysryle] | | |-- †N. arellanoi [N. eurysryle] | | |-- †N. otomii [N. eurysryle] | | |-- †N. stirtoni [N. eurysryle] | | |-- †N. gidleyi | | `-- †N. coloradense | `--o †Pseudohipparion Ameghino, 1904 [Griphippus] | |-- †P. retrusum | `--+-- †P. curtivallum | `--+-- †P. gratum | |-- †P. hessei | `--+-- †P. skinneri | `-- †P. simpsoni `--o †Hipparion -genus-group |?- †Hipparion trampasense Edwards, 1982 [Nannihippus tahoensis (Merriam) in partim] |--o †Merychippus sensu stricto | |-- †M. insignis | |-- †M. calamarius | `-- †M. californicus |--o †“Hipparion” group 3 [North American basal "Hipparion"] | |-- †H. shirleyi | `--+-- †H. tehonensis | `-- †H. forcei `--o †Cormohipparion Skinner & MacFadden, 1977 [Neohipparion, Notiocradohipparion] [paraphyletic] |-- †Cormohipparion goorisi MacFadden & Skinner, 1981 [Neohipparion] |--o †(Notiocradohipparion) Hubert, 1988 | |-- †Cormohipparion (N.) plicatile (MacFadden, 1984) Hubert, 1988 | |-- †Cormohipparion (N.) ingenuum (MacFadden, 1984) Hubert, 1988 | `-- †Cormohipparion (N.) emsliei (Hubert, 1987a) Hubert, 1988 `--+?- †Cormohipparion quinni Woodburne, 1994b [incl. C. sphenodus Woodburne et al., 1981] |--o Cormohipparion occidentale -species-group | `-- †Cormohipparion occidentale (Leidy, 1856) [Neohipparion occidentale Leidy, 1856, C. goorsi, C. quinni] `--+?- †Cormohipparion theobaldi (Lydekker, 1877a) |?- †Cormohipparion nagriensis (Hussain, 1971) `--o †Hippotherium Kaup, 1833 [Old World “Hipparion”] |-- †“Hippotherium” koenigswaldi Sondaar, 1961 |-- †“Hippotherium” sebastopolianum |-- †Hippotherium primigenium (von Meyer, 1829) sensu stricto [i - v] [Equus primigenius von Meyer, 1829; Hipparion primigenium] |-- †Hippotherium depereti Sondaar, 1974 |?- †Hippotherium albertense (Hopwood, 1926) [Hipparion albertense Hopwood, 1926] |?- †Hippotherium baardi (Boné & Singer, 1965) [Hipparion baardi Boné & Singer, 1965] |?- †Hippotherium namaquense (Haughton, 1932) [Hipparion namaquense (Haughton, 1932), Notohipparion namaquense Haughton, 1932] |?-+-- †H. weihoense | `--+?- †H. dermatorhinum | `--+-- †H. coelophyes | `-- †H. hippidiodus |--+--+-- †“Hippotherium” catalaunicum (Pirlot, 1956) | | `?- †“Hippotherium” aff. “H.” catalaunicum | `--+--+?- †Hippotherium brachypus Hensel, 1862 | | `-- †Hippotherium giganteum Gromova, 1952 | `--o †Hipparion de Christol, 1832 sensu stricto [Eurygnathohippus van Hoepen, 1930; Notohipparion Haughton, 1932; Libyhipparion Joleaud, 1933] | |?- †“Hipparion” melendezi Alberdi, 1974a | |?- †H. laromae Pesquero, Alberdi & Alcalá, 2006 | |-- †H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 | `--+-- †H. gettyi Bernor, 1985 | `--+?- †H. concudense Pirlot, 1956 | |?- †H. huangheense | |-- †H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 | `-- †H. dietrichi Wehrli, 1941 |?-o †Sivalhippus -complex | |?-o “Plesiohipparion” | | |-- †Sivalhippus roscinatis Hernandez-Pacheco, 1921 | | |-- †Sivalhippus moritorum (Kretzoi, 1954) | | |-- †Sivalhippus sp. aff. S. huangeense | | |--o †Hipparion crassum Gervais, 1859 -group | | | |?- †Hipparion heintzi | | | `?- †Hipparion “gracile” | | `-- †Hipparion fissurae | |?- †Sivalhippus faddeni (Lydekker, 1884) [Hipparion faddeni (Lydekker, 1884)] | |-- †Sivalhippus platyodus | |-- †Sivalhippus ptychodus | `--+-- †Sivalhippus perimense | |--o †Eurygnathohippus van Hoepen, 1930 | | |-- †E. feibeli | | |-- †E. turkanense (Hooijer & Maglio, 1973) [Sivalhippus turkanense Hooijer & Maglio, 1973] | | `-- †E. afarense (Eisenmann, 1976) [Sivalhippus afarense Eisenmann, 1976; =?Hippotherium afarense (Eisenmann, 1976); =?Hipparion afarense Eisenmann, 1976] | `--+-- †Sivalhippus houfenense | |-- †Sivalhippus crusafonti [S. rocinantis crusafonti] | `--o †Probosscidipparion | |-- †P. peter | `-- †P. sinense |?-o †Cremohipparion Qui, Weilong & Zhiui, 1988 | |?- †C. tudorovense | |?- †C. gromovae (Villalta & Crusafont, 1957) [Hipparion gromovae Villalta & Crusafont, 1957] | |--+?- †Cremohipparion aff. Cremohipparion matthewi [Bernor & Scott, 2003] [incl. †"Hippotherium" africanum; †Hippotherium sp. cf. H. sitifense] | | |?- †C. antelopinum sensu Bernor & Scott, 2003 [Hipparion antelopinum (Falconer & Cautley, 1849)] | | |-- †C. moldavicum (Gromova, 1952) | | `--+-- †C. macedonicum (Koufos, 1984) [Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984; jr. synon C. matthewi sensu Forstén (1968)] | | `--+-- †C. matthewi (Abel, 1926) [Hipparion matthewi Abel, 1926] | | `-- †C. nikosi Bernor & Tobien, 1989 | |-- †C. periafricanum (Villalta & Crusafont, 1957) [Hipparion periafricanum Villalta & Crusafont, 1957] | `--+-- †C. mediterraneum (Roth & Wagner, 1855) [Hipparion mediterranum Roth & Wagler, 1855] | `--+-- †C. proboscideum (Studer, 1911) | `--+-- †C. forstenae | `-- †C. licenti |-- †Stylohipparion libycum (Pomel, 1897) van Hoepen, 1932 [Hippotherium libycum (Pomel, 1897); Hipparion libycum Pomel, 1897] `--o †Nannippus Matthew, 1926 |-- †N. westoni (Simpson, 1930) [Merychippus westoni Simpson, 1930; ] |-- †N. morgani Hulbert, 1993 `--+-- †N. lenticulare |-- †N. aztecus [N. minor (Sellards)] `--+-- †N. peninsulatus `-- †N. beckensis
Hippotheriini incertae sedis:
†Hippotherium sitifense (Pomel, 1897) [Hipparion sitifense Pomel, 1897] (nomen dubium) (Bernor & Scott, 2003)
Note:
Taxonomy of Hipparione horses is an absolute mess. This is caused by the rather monotonic general anatomy and diverse forms of both teeth and craniums. Problem rises from trying to correlate craniums, teeth and postcrania with each other, causing a horrendous mounts of synonomous taxa. Also there hasn't been a good revision and/or phylogeny done.
Reference(s):
- Bernor, R. L., Koufos, G. D., Woodburne, M. O. & Fortelius, M., 1996: The evolutionary history and biochronology of European and southwest Asian Late Miocene and Pliocene hipparionine horses. 307-338
in Bernor, R. L., Fahlbusch, V. & Mittmann, H.-W., 1996: The evolution of western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, pp. ix-487 - Bernor, R. L. & Scott, R. S., 2003: New interpretations of the systematics, biogeobraphy and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene) (Libya).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 25, #2, pp. 297-319 - Bernor, R. L., Tobien, H. & Woodburne, M. O., 1990: Patterns of Old World hipparionine evolutionary diversification and biogeographic extension. 263-319
in Lindsay, E. H., Fahlbusch, V. & Mein, P., 1990: European Neogene mammal chronology.
–Plenum Press, New York & London, 1990, pp. xii-658 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Churcher, C. S. & Richardson, M. L., 1978: Equidae. 379-422.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Edwards, S. W. 1982: A new species of Hipparion (Mammalia: Equidae) from the Clarendonian (Miocene) of California.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #2, pp. 173-183 - †Forsten, A., 2002: Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 24, #2, pp. 465-486 - Hulbert Jr., R. C., 1989: Phylogenetic interrelationships and evolution of North American Late Neogene Equidae. 176-196.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537 - Hulbert, Jr., R. C., 1993: Late Miocene Nannippus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a description of the smallest hipparione horse.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #3, pp. 350-366 - MacFadden, B. J. & Woodburne, M. O. 1982: Systematics of the Neogene Siwalik hipparions (Mammalia: Equidae) based on cranial and dental morphology.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #2, pp. 185-218 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Pesquero, M. D., Alberdi, M. T. & Alcalá, L., 2006: New species of Hipparion from the La Roma 2 (Late Vallesian; Teruel, Spain): a study of the morphological and biometric variability of Hipparion primigenium.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 80, #2, pp. 343-356 - Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press., New York. 1989