After Prothero & Schoch, 1989, Hulbert, 1989, Winans, 1989, Nowak, 1991, MacFadden, 1997, Alberdi, Ortiz-Jaureguizar & Prado, 1998 and Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000
<==o Equus Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato [Synonyms] (horses; hevoset) |--o †(Amerhippus) Hoffstetter, 1950 (south american horses; eteläamerikanhevoset) | |-- †E. (A.) insulatus Ameghino, C., in Ameghino, F., 1904 | |-- †E. (A.) andium Wagner-Branco, 1883 | |-- †E. (A.) lasalli Daniel, 1948 | |-- †E. (A.) santae-elenae Spillman, 1938 | |-- †E. (A.) martini spillman, 1938 | |-- †E. (A.) curvidens Owen, 1844 | `-- †E. (A.) neogeus Lund, 1840 emend. MacFadden & Azzaroli, 1987 |--o (Equus) Linnaeus, 1758 (true horses; aitohevoset) [Note: some taxonomist separate horse subspecies to independent species] | |-- E. (E.) caballus Linnaeus, 1758 (domestic horse; kesyhevonen) | |-- E. (E.) przewalskii (Przewalski's horse, mongolian wild horse; przewalskinhevonen) | `--o †E. ferus Boddaert, 1785 (wild horse, tarpan; hevonen, tarpaani, villihevonen) | |-- †E. (E.) f. gmelini (plain tarpan; arotarpaani) | |-- †E. (E.) f. silvatica (forest tarpan; metsätarpaani) | `-- †E. (E.) f. remagensis `--+--o (Hemionus) (asian donkeys; aasianvilliaasit) | |?-o †E. francisci -species-group [are members of subgenus Equus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] | | |-- †E. (H.) francisci Hay, 1915 | | |-- †E. (H.) altidens Quinn, 1957 | | |-- †E. (H.) arellanoi Mooser, 1958 | | |-- †E. (H.) quinni Slaughter et al., 1962 | | `-- †E. (H.) zoytalis Mooser, 1958 | |--o E. (H.) hemionus (aasianvilliaasi) | | |-- E. (H.) h. hemionus (kulaani) | | |-- E. (H.) h. kulan (kulaani) | | `-- †E. (H.) h. hemippus (syyrianvilliaasi) | |--o E. (H.) onager (onageri) | | |-- E. (H.) o. onager (onageri) | | `-- E. (H.) o. khur (intianvilliaasi) | `-- E. (H.) kiang (kiangi) |--o (Asinus) Frisch, 1775) (african donkeys; afrikanvilliaasit) | |-- †E. (A.) calobatus Troxell, 1915 | `--o E. (A.) africanus Heauglin & Fitzinger, 1866 (ass, donkey; aasi, kesyaasi) | |-- E. (A.) a. asinus Linnaeus, 1758 (domestic ass, donkey; kesyaasi) | |-- E. (A.) a. africanus Heauglin & Fitzinger, 1866 (afrikanvilliaasi, nuubianvilliaasi) | |-- E. (A.) a. atlanticus ()? | `-- E. (A.) a. somalicus (somalinvilliaasi) `--+--o (Dolichohippus) Heller, 1912 | |-- †E. (D.) numidicus Pomel, 1897 | |-- †E. (D.) oldowayensis Hopwood, 1937 | |-- †E. (D.) koobiforensis | `-- E. (D.) grevyi Oustalet, 1882 (Grevy's zebra; grevynseepra) |--o (Hippotigris) Smith, H., 1841 (mountain zebras; vuoriseeprat) | `--o E. (H.) zebra Linnaeus, 1758 (vuoriseepra) | |-- E. (H.) z. zebra (kapmaanvuoriseepra) | `-- E. (H.) z. hartmannae (hartmanninvuoriseepra) `--o (Quagga) (plain zebras, quaggas; aroseeeprat) |?- †E. ?(Q.) capensis Broom, 1909 [is a member of subgenus Equus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] |?- †E. ?(Q.) mauritanicus [is a member of subgenus Equus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] |-- †E. (Q.) quagga Gmelin, 1788 (quagga; kvagga) [ssp.=>E. burchellii??] [extinct since 1880] `--o E. (Q.) burchellii (Gray, 1824) (plain zebra; aroseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. antiquorum (damaranseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. boehmi (böhminseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. chapmanni (chapmanninseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. foai (foanseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. granti (grantinseepra) |-- E. (Q.) b. wahlbergi (wahlberginseepra) `-- E. (Q.) b. burchellii (burchellinseepra) Equus incertae sedis: [I have no idea where these animals belong within Equus!?] †E. fromanius †E. idahoensis †E. alaskae -species-group †E. pacificus Leidy †E. alaskae (Hay, 1913) [E. niobrarensis alaskae Hay, 1913] †E. conversidens Owen, 1869 †E. c. leoni Stock, 1950 †E. lambei Hay, 1917 †E. scotti -species-group [are members of subgenus Equus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] †E. scotti Gidley, 1900 †E .sp. cf. E. scotti Gidley, 1900 †E. niobrarensis Hay, 1913 †E. hatcheri Hay, 1915 †E. complicatus †E. cumminsii †E. enormis †E. fraternus †E. giganteus †E. leidyi †E. occidentalis Leidy [is a member of subgenus Equus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] †E. pacificus †E. pectinatus †E. verae †(Hesperohippus) [=? E. laurenticus -species-group] †E. (H.) laurenticus Hay, 1913 †E. (H.) mexicanus Hibbard, 1955 †E. (H.) midlandensis Quinn, 1957 “European stenonoid horses” [Alberdi, Ortiz-Jaureguizar & Prado, 1998] [are members of sub-genus Dolichohippus?] †E. (H.) major Depéret, in Delafond & Depéret, 1893, ex Boule †E. (H.) stenonis Cocchi, 1867 †E. (H.) livenzovensis Bajgusheva, 1978 †E. (H.) senezensis Prat, 1964 †E. (H.) altidens von Reichenau, 1915 †E. (H.) sussenbornensis Wüts, 1901 “East Asian stenonoid horses” [Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000] †E. nalaikhaensis [is a member of subgenus Dolichohippus? (Eisenmann & Baylac, 2000)] †E. sanmeniensis †E. sp. cf. E. sanmeniensis †E. qingyangensis †E. yunnanensis †E. exelsus †E. euilus [Ethiopia] †(Plesippus) Matthews, 1924 sensu stricto? [Allohippus Kretzoi, 1938] †E. (D.) simplicidens Cope, 1892 †E. (D.) pons Quinn, 1958 †E. (D.) shoshonensis Gidley, 1930 [ssp. => E. simplicidens??]
Reference(s):
- Alberdi, M. T., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. & Prado, J. L., 1998: A quantitative review of European stenonoid horses.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 72, #2, pp. 371-387 - Athanassiou, A., 2001: New data on the Equus stenonis Cocchi, 1867 from the late Pliocene locality of Sésklo (Thessaly, Greece).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 23, #3, pp. 439-469 - Carranza-Castañeda, O. & Miller, W. E., 1987: Rediscovered type specimens and other important published Pleistocene mammalian fossils from Central Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #3, pp. 335-341 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Churcher, C. S. & Richardson, M. L., 1978: Equidae. 379-422.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Eisenmann, V., 2000: Equus capensis (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Elandsfontein. –Palaentologica Africana: Vol. 30, pp. 91-96
- Eisenmann, V. & Baylac, M., 2000: Extant and fossil Equus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) skulls: a morphometric defenition of the subgenus Equus.
–Zoologica Scripta: Vol. 29, #2, pp. 89-100 - Gentry, A., Clutton-Brock, J. & Groves, C. P., 1996: Case 3010: Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals.
–Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature: Vol. 53, #1, pp. 28-37 - Hulbert Jr., R. C., 1989: Phylogenetic interrelationships and evolution of North American Late Neogene Equidae. 176-196.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537 - Hulbert, Jr., R. C., 1993: Late Miocene Nannippus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a description of the smallest hipparione horse.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #3, pp. 350-366 - MacFadden, B. J., 1997: Pleistocene horses from Tarija, Bolivia, and validity of the genus †Onohippidium (Mammalia: Equidae).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #1, pp. 199-218 - MacFadden, B. J. & Azzaroli, A., 1987: Cranium of Equus insulatus (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Tarija, Bolivia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #3, pp. 325-334 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537 - Winans, M. C., 1989: A quantitative study of North American fossil species of the genus Equus. 262-297.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537