After Hu, Meng, Li & Wang, 2009, and O'Leary et al., 2013
Alternative phylogeny of Eutheria after McKenna & Bell, 1997
Alternative molecular phylogeny of Placentalia after Waddell, Okada & Hasegawa 1999
Alternative molecular phylogeny of Placentalia after Madsen et al., 2001
Alternative molecular phylogeny of Placentalia after Murphy et al., 2001
<==o Eutheria Gill, 1872 non Huxley, 1880 [Placentaria sensu lato] (istukkanisäkkäät) |-- †Acristatherium yanensis Hu, Meng, Li & Wang, 2009; E.Cret. EAs. |-- †Juramaia sinensis Luo, Yuan, Meng & Ji, 2011; M.Jur. EAs. |-- †Otlestes meiman Nesov, 1985 `--+--+-- †Prokennalestes trofinovi Kielan-Jaworowska & Dashzeveg, 1989 [incl. P. minor Kielan-Jaworowska & Dashzeveg, 1989] | `-- †Eomaia scansoria Ji, Luo, Yuan, Wible, Zhang & Georgi, 2002; E. Cret. EAs. `--+-- †Murtoilestes abramovi (Averianov & Skutschas, 2000) Averianov & Skutschas, 2001 [Prokennalestes abramovi Averianov & Skutschas, 2000] `--+-- †Bobolestes zenge Nesov, 1985; L.Cret. CAs. [Bobotheriidae Nesov, 1989] `--+-- †Montanalestes keeblerorum (Cifelli, 1999) Cifelli, 2000 [Montanalestes keebleri Cifelli, 1999] `--+--+-- †Eozhelestes mangit Nesov, 1997 | `--o †Paranyctoides Fox 1979 [7 species?] [†Paranyctidae (nomen nudum)] [are Zhelestids?] | |-- †P. maleficus Fox, 1984 | |-- †P. megaceros Lillegraven & McKenna 1986 | |-- †P. sternbergi Fox, 1979 (type) | `-- †P. aralensis Nesov, 1993 `--+-- †Zhelestidae Nesov, 1985 `--+--+--†Bulaklestes kezbe Nesov, 1985 | `--+-- †Uchkudukodon nessovi Archibald & Averianov 2006 | `--o †Daulestes Trofimov & Nesov, in Nesov & Trofimov, 1979 [?--> †Palaeoryctidae] | |-- †D. kulbeckensis Trofimov & Nesov, in Nesov & Trofimov, 1979 | `-- †D. nessovi McKenna, Kielan-Jaworowska & Meng, 2000 |--o †Asioryctitheria Novacek, Rougier, Wible, McKenna, Dashzeveg & Horovitz, 1997 [Kennalestoidea Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981] | |--o †Asioryctidae Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981 | | |-- †Ukhaatherium nessovi Novacek, Rougier, Wible, McKenna, Dashzeveg & Horovitz, 1997 | | `-- †Asioryctes nemegetensis Kielan-Jaworowska, 1975 | `--o †Kennalestidae Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981 | |-- †Kennalestes gobiensis Kielan-Jaworowska, 1969 | `-- †Sailestes quadrans Nesov, 1982 |-- †Didelphodonta McKenna, 1995 `--+--+?- †Sahnitherium rangapurensis Rana & Wilson, 2003 | `--o †Deccanolestes Prasad & Sahni, 1988 [“Adapisoriculidae” in partim?] | |-- †D. hislopi Prasad & Sahni, 1988 | |-- †D. robustus Prasad, Jaeger, Sahni, Gheerbrant & Khajuria, 1994 | `-- †D. narmadensis Prasad, Verma, Gheerbrant, Goswami, Khosla, Parmar & Sahni, 2010 `--+-- †Zalambdalestidae Gregory & Simpson, 1926 `--o Placentaria Owen, 1837 sensu stricto [Placentalia Owen, 1837; Preptotheria McKenna, 1975, incl. Therictoidea Gregory, 1910; Tokotheria McKenna, 1975] |-- Edentata G. Cuvier, 1798 (edentates; vajaahampaiset) `--o Epitheria McKenna, 1975 |--o Afrotheria Stanhope et al., 1998 | |--+-- Afrosoricida Stanhope et al., 1998 [Lipotyphla Haeckel, 1866 (in partim)] | | `--+-- †Leptictidae Gill, 1872 [Leptictida McKenna, 1975 (in partim); Proeutheria] | | `-- Macroscelidea Butler, 1956 [Macroscelides Peters, 1864; Macroscelidiformes Kinman, 1994] (norsupäästäiset; sengit; elephant shrews, sengis) | `--+-- Tubulidentata Huxley, 1872 (aardwarks; putkihampaiset) | `--o Paenungulata Simpson, 1945 | |-- Hyracoidea Huxlay, 1869 (hyraxes; tamaanit) | `--+-- †Thomashuxleyia externa Ameghino, 1901, L.Eoc. SA. [Isotemnidae Ameghino, 1897] | `--+-- †Carodnia [Xenungulata; Pyrotheria] | `-- Uranotheria Simpson, 1945 (elephant-like ungulates; norsumaiset ungulaatit) `--o Boreoeutheria |--o Euarchontoglires Murphy & Eizirik, 2001 [Supraprimates] | |-- Archonta Gregory, 1910 (primate-like eutherians; kädellistensukuiset) | `-- Glires Linnaeus, 1758 [Gliriformes Wyss & Meng, 1996] (rodent-like eutherians; jyrsijä-jäniseläimet) `--o Laurasiatheria Waddell et al., 1999 |-- Eulipotyphla [Lipotyphla Haeckel, 1866 (in partim)] (modern insect-eaters; nykyhyönteissyöjät) `--+--o Pholidotamorpha Gaudin et al. 2009 | |== †“Palaeanodonta” Matthew, 1918 [Basal Pholidota sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997] | `-- Pholidota Weber, 1904 (pangolins; muurahaiskävyt) `--+--o Ferae Linnaeus, 1758 | |-- †Creodonta Cope, 1875 (kreodontit; creodonts) | `-- Carnivoramorpha Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992 (modern carnivores and their extinct relatives; nykypetoeläinmäiset nisäkkäät) `--o Ungulata Linnaeus 1766 (in partim) (ungulates; kaviokyntiset) |--+--+-- †Hyopsodontidae Lydekker, 1889 | | `-- †Apheliscidae Matthew, 1918 | `--+-- †Phenacodonta McKenna, 1975 | `--+-- †Didolodus multicuspis Ameghino, 1897 [Enneocodus, Lonchoconus, Paulogervaisia, Cephanodus, Nephacodus, Argyrolambda] | `-- †Litopterna Ameghino, 1889 `--+-- †Mesonychia Van Valen, 1966 [Acreodi] (mesonykit; mesonychians) `--+--o †Rodhocetus Gingerich et al., 1995a | |-- †R. balochistanensis Gingerich, ul Haq, Zalmout, Khan & Malkani, 2001 | `-- †R. kasrani Gingerich et al., 1995a `--o Euungulata |-- Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [“Paraxonia” Marsh, 1884] (sorkkaeläintensukuiset ungulaatit; artiodactyl-like ungulates; even-toed ungulates) `-- Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 [Mesaxonia Marsh, 1884 sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989] (kavioeläimet)
Alternative phylogenies of Eutheria:
After McKenna & Bell, 1997<==o Eutheria |-- †Bobolestes |-- †Otlestes |-- †Murtoilestes |-- †Eomaia `--o Placentaria |-- Edentata `--o Epitheria |?- †Hyotheridium |?- †Deccanolestes |?-o †Asioryctitheria | `--o Asioryctidae | |-- †Asioryctes | `-- †Ukhaatherium |-- Leptictida `--o Preptotheria |--+-- Archonta | `-- Anagalida `--+--o Insectivora | `-- Lipotyphla `?-o Ferungulata |-- Ungulatomorpha `--o Ferae |== Cimolesta `--+-- †Creodonta `-- Carnivoramorpha Reference(s):
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After Waddell, Okada & Hasegawa 1999 (orders only):<==o Placentaria |--o Atlantogenata | |-- Xenarthra | `--+?- †Meridiungulata | `--o Afrotheria | |--o Afrosoricida | | |-- Tenrecoidea | | `-- Chrysochloroidea | `--+--+-- †Microhyus | | `-- Macroscelidea | `--o Pseudoungulata | |-- Tubulidentata | `--o Paenungulata | |-- Hyracoidea | `--o Tethytheria | |-- Sirenia | `--o Behemota | |-- †Desmostylia | `-- Proboscidea `--+--+--o Glires | | |-- Lagomorpha | | `-- Rodentia | `--o Euarchonta | |-- Scandentia | `--o Primatomorpha | |-- Dermoptera | `-- Primates `--o Laurasiatheria |?- Eulipotyphal `--o Scrotifera |-- Chiroptera `--o Ferungulata |-- Artiodactyla `--o Zooamata |-- Perissodactyla `--o Ferae |-- Pholidota `-- Carnivora Reference(s):
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After Madsen et al., 2001 (orders only):<==o Placentaria |--o Atlantogenata | |-- Xenarthra | `--+?- †Meridiungulata | `--o Afrotheria | |--+-- Tubulidentata | | `--+-- Afrosoricida | | `--+-- †Microhyus | | `-- Macroscelidea | `--o Paenungulata | |-- Hyracoidea | `--o Tethytheria | |-- Sirenia | `--o Behemota | |?- †Desmostylia | `-- Proboscidea `--o Boreoeutheria |--+-- Scandentia | `--+-- Dermoptera | `--+-- Primates | `--o Glires | |-- Lagomorpha | `-- Rodentia `--o Laurasiatheria |?- Eulipotyphla `--+--o Ferae | |-- Pholidota | `-- Carnivora `--+-- Chiroptera `--+-- Perissodactyla `-- Artiodactyla Reference(s):
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After Murphy et al, 2001 (orders only):<==o Placentaria |?- †Meridiungulata |--o Afrotheria | |-- Afrosoricida | `--+--+-- †Microhyus | | `-- Macroscelidea | `--o Pseudoungulata | |-- Tubulidentata | `--o Paenungulata | |-- Hyracoidea | `--o Tethytheria | |-- Sirenia | `--o Behemota | |-- †Desmostylia | `-- Proboscidea `--+-- Xenarthra `--o Boreoeutheria |--+--o Glires | | |-- Lagomorpha | | `-- Rodentia | `--o Euarchonta | |-- Scandentia | `--o Primatomorpha | |-- Dermoptera | `-- Primates `--o Laurasiatheria |?- Eulipotyphal `--o Scrotifera |-- Chiroptera `--o Ferungulata |-- Artiodactyla `--o Zooamata |-- Perissodactyla `--o Ferae |-- Pholidota `-- Carnivora Reference(s):
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After Hu, Meng, Li, & Wang, 2009<==o Eutheria |-- †Acristatherium |-- †Juramaia |-- †Otlestes `--+--+-- †Prokennalestes | `-- †Eomaia `--+-- †Murtoilestes `--+-- †Bobolestes `--+-- †Montanalestes `--+--+-- †Eozhelestes | `-- †Paranyctoides `--+-- †Zhelestidae `--+--+-- †Bulaklestes | `--+-- †Uchkudukodon | `-- †Daulestes |-- †Asioryctitheria |-- †Didelphodonta `--+--+?- †Sahnitherium | `-- †Deccanolestes `--+-- †Zalambdalestidae `--o Placentaria |-- Leptictida `--+--+-- †Purgatorius | `-- Eparctocyona `--+--+-- Carnivoramorpha | `--+-- “Paraxonia” | `--+-- †“Phenacodonta” | `?- Perissodactyla `--+-- Archonta |-- Glires `--+--o Insectivora | `-- Lipotyphla `--+--+-- Macroscelidea | `-- Tubulidentata |-- Edentata `-- Uranotheria Reference(s):
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Basal Eutheria incertae sedis:
†Hyotheridium dobsoni Gregory & Simpson, 1926
†Beleutinus orlovi Bazhanov, 1972 [a zalambdalestid or deltatheroid?]
†Cretasorex Nesov & Gureyev, 1981 [identification doubtful, possibly nomen dubium]
†Eodesmatodon Zheng & Chi, 1978
†Eutrochodon Roth, 1903
†Helioseus Sudre, 1979
†Horolodectes sunae Scott, Webb & Fox, 2006
†Idiogenomys ozziei Ostrander, 1983
†Neodesmostylus Khomenko, 1927
†Obtususdon hanhuaensis Xu, 1977
†Prozalambdalestes simpsoni
†Telacodon laevis Marsh, 1892 [see Leptictida]
†Tingamarra porterorum Godthelp, Archer, Cifelli, Hand & Gilkeson, 1992
†Wanotherium xuanchengensis Tang & Yan, 1976
†Veratalpa lugdunensiana Ameghino, 1905 [possibly a rodent, is based on an astragalus (Hutchison, 1974)]
†Bibymalagasia MacPhee, 1994
†Plesiorycteropodinae Patterson, 1975
†Plesiorycteropus Filhol, 1895 [Myoryctes Forsyth Major, 1908; Majoria Thomas, 1915] R. Mad.
†P. germainepetterae MacPhee, 1994
†P. madagascariensis Filhol, 1895 [Majoria; Myoryctes rapeto]
Reference(s):
- Averianov, A. O., 2000: Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan. 627-652
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, xxxix-696 - Averianov, A. O. & Skutschas, P. P., 2001: A new genus of eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia, Russia.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 46, #3, pp. 431-436 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Dykes, T., 2002: "Basal" Eutheria. –iNet: Mesozoic mammals – an internet directory: http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/baseuth.htm
- Hu, Y., Meng, J., Li, C. & Wang, Y., 2009: New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 277, #1, pp. 229-236 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0203] - Ji, Q., Luo, Z.-X., Yuan, C.-X., Wible, J. R., Zhang, J.-P. & Georgi, J. A., 2002: The earliest known eutherian mammal.
–Nature: Vol. 416, pp. 816-822 - Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Novacek, M. J., Trofimov, B. A. & Dashzeveg, D., 2000: Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia. 573-626
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, xxxix-696 - Luo, Z.-X., Yuan, C.-X., Meng, Q.-J. & Ji, Q., 2011: A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals.
–Nature: Vol. 476, pp. 442-445 [doi: 10.1038/nature10291] - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - McKenna, M. C., Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Meng, J., 2000: Earliest eutherian mammal skull from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Uzbekistan.
–Acta Paleontologica Polonica: Vol: 45, #1, pp. 1-54
[from iNet Abstract: http://www.paleo.pan.pl/acta/acta45-1.htm#McKenna] - O'Leary, M. A., Bloch, J. I., Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldberg, S. L., Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z.-X., Meng, J., Ni, X., Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M., Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. & Cirranello, A. L., 2013: The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals.
–Science: Vol. 339, #6120, pp. 662-667 [doi: 10.1126/science.1229237] - Rana, R. S. & Wilson, G. P., 2003: New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 48, #3, pp. 331-348 - Scott, C. S., Webb, M. W. & Fox, R. C., 2006: Horolodectes sunae, an enigmatic mammal from the Late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 80, #5, pp. 1009-1025