After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999, and Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009
<==o Canoidea Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [non Gray, 1821] (koiraeläimet) |?-+-- †Prohesperocyon wilsoni (Gustafson, 1986) Wang, 1994 | `--o †“Miacis” [Mimocyon, Xinyuictis] [paraphyletic Miacoidea: Miacidae] | |-- †M. australis | |-- †M. cognitus | |-- †M. deutschi | |-- †M. exiguus | |-- †M. hargeri (Wortman, 1901) | |-- †M. hookwayi | |-- †M. latidens | |-- †M. medius | |-- †M. parvivorus Cope, 1872c | |-- †M. petilus | |-- †M. sylvestris (Marsh, 1872) | |-- †M. uintensis | |-- †M. washakius | `-- †M. winkleri `--+?- †Neocynodesmus delicatus (Loomis, 1932a) MacDonald 1963 |?- †Pachycynodon |?- †Proturocyon `--o Canidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [non Gray, 1821] sensu lato |-- †Hesperocyoninae ("alkukoirat"; ur-dogs) [paraphyletic??] `--+==o †Procynodictis Wortman & Matthew 1899 [Plesiomiacis Simpson, 1945] | |-- †Procynodictis progressus (Stock, 1935) [Viverravus progressus Stock, 1935; Plesiomiacis progressus (Stock) Simpson, 1945] | `--+-- †Procynodictis vulpiceps Wortman & Matthew 1899 [Miacis gracilis Clark, 1939] | `-- †Borophaginae Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 `--o Canidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [non Gray, 1821] sensu stricto [Canidae: Caninae sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999] (varsinaiset i.e. nykykoirat; modern dogs) `==o †Leptocyon Matthew, 1918 [Vulpes Trouessart, 1897, Stirton & McGrew, 1935, Gregory, 1942, Macdonald, 1948; Neocynodesmus Macdonald, 1963] [paraphyletic] |-- †Leptocyon sp. A `--+--+-- †Leptocyon vulpinus (Merriam, 1907) | `--+-- †Leptocyon mollis (Merriam, 1906) | `-- †Leptocyon douglassi Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 `--+-- †Leptocyon delicatus Loomis, 1932 [Neocynodesmus delicatus (Loomis, 1932) Macdonald, 1963] `--+-- †Leptocyon gregorii (Matthew, 1907) `--+-- †Leptocyon sp. B `--+-- †Leptocyon leidyi Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 `--+--+-- †Leptocyon vafer (Leidy, 1858) [non 1869] Matthew, 1918 [Canis vafer Leidy, 1858] [type] | `-- †Leptocyon tejonensis Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 `--+-- †Leptocyon matthewi Tedford, Wang & Taylor, 2009 `--+-- Vulpini Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 (foxes; ketut) `-- Canini Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 [non Gray, 1821] (true dog; aitokoirat)
Reference(s):
- Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
–iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Harrison, J. A., 1983: The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (Late Hemphilillian), Kansas.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 54, pp. iv-42 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Skeels Stevens, M., 1991: Osteology, systematics, and relationships of Earliest Miocene Mesocyon venator (Carnivora,: Canidae).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 11, #1, pp. 45-66 - Tedford, R. H., Wang, X. & Taylor, B. E., 2009: Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #325, pp. 1-218 - Wang, X., Tedford, R. H. & Taylor, B. E., 1999: Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: Vol. #243, pp. 1-391 [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1588]