After McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999, with fossil species from Alroy, 2002
<==o †Borophaginae Simpson, 1945 (“bone-crusher dogs”; “luunmurskaajakoirat”) |-- †Oxetocyon cuspidatus Green, 1954 |--o †Archaeocyon Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] | |-- †A. pavidus (Stock, 1933) [taxonomic history] | |-- †A. leptodus (Schlaikjer, 1935) [taxonomic history] | `-- †A. falkenbachi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 |--o †Otarocyon Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †O. cooki (Macdonald, 1963) [Cynodesmus cooki Macdonald, 1963] | `-- †O. macdonaldi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 `--+-- †Rhizocyon oregonensis (Merriam, 1906) Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Phlaocyonini Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |--o †Cynarctoides McGrew, 1938 [taxonomic history] | | |-- †C. lemur (Cope, 1878) [taxonomic history] | | |--+-- †C. harlowi (Loomis, 1932) [taxonomic history] | | | `-- †C. roii (Macdonald, 1963) [taxonomic history] | | `--+-- †C. luskensis Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | | `--+-- †C. gawnae Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | | `--+-- †C. acridens (Barbour & Cook, 1914) [taxonomic history] | | `-- †C. emryi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | `--o †Phlaocyon Matthew, 1899 [taxonomic history] | |-- †P. minor (Matthew, 1907) [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †P. latidens (Cope, 1881) [taxonomic history] | |-- †P. annectens (Peterson, 1907) [taxonomic history] | `--+--+-- †P. achoros (Frailey, 1979) [taxonomic history] | | |-- †P. multicuspus (Romer & Sutton, 1927) [taxonomic history] | | `?- †P. taylori [not recognized by Wang, Tedford & Taylor (1999)] | `--+--+-- †P. leucosteus Matthew, 1899 [taxonomic history] | | `-- †P. mashlandensis Mcgrew, 1941 [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †P. mariae Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | `-- †P. yatkolai Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 `--o †Borophagini Simpson, 1945 sensu Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 |--o †Cormocyon Wang & Tedford, 1992 | |-- †C. copei Wang & Tedford, 1992 [taxonomic history] | `-- †C. haydeni Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Desmocyon Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †D. matthewi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | `-- †D. thomsoni (Matthew, 1907) [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Cynarctina Mcgrew, 1937 sensu Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |--o †Paracynarctus Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | | |-- †P. kelloggi (Merriam, 1911) [taxonomic history] | | `-- †P. sinclairi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | `--o †Cynarctus Matthew, 1902 | |-- †C. galushai Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |?- ?†C. marylandica (Berry, 1938) [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †C. saxatilis Matthew, 1902 [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †C. voorhiesi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | `-- †C. crucidens Barbour & Cook, 1914 [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Metatomarchus Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †M. sp. A [Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999] | |-- †M. sp. B [Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999] | `-- †M. canavus (Simpson, 1932) [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Euoplocyon Matthew, 1924 | |-- †E. brachygnathus (Douglass, 1903) [taxonomic history] | `-- †E. spissidens (White, 1947) [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Psalidocyon marianae Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [P. mariannae (lapsus calami)] `--+-- †Microtomarchus conferta (Matthew, 1918) Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Protomarchus optatus (Matthew, 1924) Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Tephrocyon rurestris (Condon, 1896) [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Aelurodontina Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |--o †Tomarctus Cope, 1873 | | |-- †T. brevirostris Cope, 1873 [taxonomic history] | | `-- †T. hippophaga (Matthew & Cook, 1909) [taxonomic history] | `--o †Aelurodon Leidy, 1858 [taxonomic history] | |?- †A. inflatus [not recognized by Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999] | |-- †A. asthenostylus (Henshaw, 1942) [taxonomic history] | `--+--+-- †A. ferox Leidy, 1858 [taxonomic history] | | `-- †A. taxoides (Hatcher, 1893) [taxonomic history] | `--+-- †A. montanensis Wang, Wideman, Ralph & Hanneman, 2004 | `--+-- †A. mcgrewi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] | `-- †A. stirtoni (Webb, 1969a) Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 [taxonomic history] `--o †Borophagina Simpson, 1945 sensu Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 |--o †Parotomarctus Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †P. euthos (Mcgrew, 1935) [taxonomic history] | `-- †P. temerarius (Leidy, 1858) [taxonomic history] |--o †Carpocyon Webb, 1969 | |-- †C. compressus (Cope, 1890) [taxonomic history] | |-- †C. webbi Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †C. robustus (Green, 1848) [taxonomic history] | `-- †C. limosus Webb, 1969 [taxonomic history] |-- †Protepicyon raki Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 `--+--o †Epicyon Leidy, 1858 | |-- †E. aelurodontoides Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 | |-- †E. haydeni Leidy, 1858 | `-- †E. saevus (Leidy, 1858) `--o †Borophagus Cope, 1892 [Hyaenognathus; †Osteoborus] |?- †B. direptor [†Osteoborus direptor] |?- †B. cyonoides [†Osteoborus cyonoides (Martin, 1928)] |?- †B. littoralis Van der Hoof, 1931 |-- †B. pugnator (Cook, 1922) `--+-- †B. orc (Webb, 1969) `--+-- †B. parvus Wang, Tedford & Taylor, 1999 `--+-- †B. secundus (Matthew & Cook, 1909) [†Osteoborus secundus] `--+-- †B. hilli (Johnston, 1939) `--+-- †B. diversidens Cope, 1892 `-- †B. dudleyi (White, 1941)
Reference(s):
- Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
–iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Harrison, J. A., 1983: The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (Late Hemphilillian), Kansas.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 54, pp. iv-42 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Wang, X. & Tedford, R. H., 1992: The status of genus Nothocyon Matthew, 1899 (Carnivora): An arctoid not a canid.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 12, #2, pp. 223-229 - Wang, X., Tedford, R. H. & Taylor, B. E., 1999: Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae).
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: Vol. #243, pp. 1-391 [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1588] - Wang, X., Wideman, B. C., Ralph, N. & Hanneman, D. L., 2004: A new species of Aelurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 24, #2, pp. 445-452