After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Wesley & Flynn, 2003, and Wesley-Hunt & Flynn, 2005
<==o Caniformia Kretzoi, 1943 (dog-like carnivores; koiramaiset petoeläimet) |--+-- †“Miacis” cognitus Gustafson, 1986 | `-- †Amphicyonidae Trouessart, 1885 (dogbears; koirakarhut) `--+-- †Lycophocyon hutchisoni Tomiya, 2011; M.Eoc. SWNAm. `--+-- Canidae Gray, 1821 [Cynoidea:] `--+-- †Zodiolestes diamonelixensis `--+-- Pinnipedimorpha Berta, 1991 [Pinnipedia sensu lato] (seals; eväjalkaiset petoeläimet) `--+-- Mustelidae (weasels; näädät) `--+-- Procyonidae (half-bears, raccoons; puolikarhut) `--+-- Ailuridae Gray, 1843 [Procyonidae: Simocyoninae + Ailurinae] (golden pandas; pikkupandat) `--o Ursoidea Flower, 1869 (bear-like carnivores; karhunsukuiset petoeläimet) `-- Ursidae Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 non? Gray, 1825 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 [Ursinae sensu Ginsburg & Morales, 1998 and Astibia, Morales & Ginsburg, 2000] (bears; karhut)
Alternative phylogenies of Caniformia:
After Sato, Wolsan, Minami, Hosoda, Sinaga, Hiyama, Yamaguchi & Suzuki, 2009<==o Caniformia |-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea |-- Ursidae `--o Mustelida |--o Pinnipedia | |-- Phocidae | `--+-- Otariidae | `-- Odobenidae `--o Musteloidea |-- Mephitidae `--+-- Ailuridae `--+-- Procyonidae `-- Mustelidae Reference(s):
|
After Flynn, Finarelli, Zehr, Hsu & Nedbal, 2005<==o Caniformia |-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea |-- Ursidae `--o Mustelida |--o Pinnipedia | |-- Phocidae | `--+-- Otariidae | `-- Odobenidae `--o Musteloidea |-- Ailuridae `--+-- Mephitidae `--+-- Procyonidae `-- Mustelidae |
After Wyss & Flynn, 1993<==o Caniformia |--o “Cynoidea” | `-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea |--o Mustelida | |-- Mustelidae | `--+-- Ailuridae | `-- Procyonidae `--o Ursida |-- Ursidae `--o Pinnipedia |-- Phocidae `--+-- Otariidae `-- Odobenidae |
Reference(s):
- Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
–iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Flynn, J. J., Finarelli, J. A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J. & Nedbal, M. A., 2005: Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships.
–Systematic Biology: Vol. 54, #2, pp. 317-337 [doi: 10.1080/10635150590923326] - Gebo, D. L. & Rose, K. D., 1993: Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an Early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #1, pp. 125-144 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Sato, J. J., Wolsan, M., Minami, S., Hosoda, T., Sinaga, M. H., Hiyama, K., Yamaguchi, Y. & Suzuki, H., 2009: Deciphering and dating the red panda's ancestry and early adaptive radiation of Musteloidea.
–Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: Vol. 53, #3, pp. 907-922 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.019] - Tomiya, S., 2011: A New Basal Caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and Remarks on the Phylogeny of Early Carnivorans.
–Plos One: Vol. 6, #9, e24146, pp. 1-24 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024146] - Wesley-Hunt, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2005: Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #1, pp. 1-28 - Wesley, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2003: A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 77, #4, pp. 769-783 - Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J., 1993: A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. 32-52
in Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J. & McKenna, M. C., (eds.) 1993: Mammal phylogeny - Placentals.
–Springer-Verlag, New York,