Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

“Paraxonia” – artiodactyl-like ungulates

After Gingerich et al., 2001 and Thewissen et al., 2001

Alternative [older] phylogeny of “Paraxonia” after O'Leary, 1998.

<==o “Paraxonia” (sorkkaeläintensukuiset ungulaatit; artiodactyl-like ungulates; even-toed ungulates)
   |?- †Olsenia Matthew & Granger, 1925
   |-- †Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Osborn, 1924
   `--+--o †Triisodontidae Trouessart, 1904 [Arctocyonidae: Triisodontinae]
      |  |--o †Goniacodon Scott, 1892
      |  |  |-- †G. hiawathae Van Valen, 1978
      |  |  `-- †G. levisanus (Cope, 1883)
      |  `--+--o †Eoconodon Matthew & Granger, 1921; U.Pal. WNA.
      |     |  |-- †E. nidhoggi Van Valen, 1978
      |     |  |-- †E. gaudrianus (Cope, 1888)
      |     |  |-- †E. sp. cf. E. gaudrianus [Clemens & Williamson, 2005]
      |     |  |-- †E. ginibitohia Clemens & Williamson, 2005 [E. sp. cf. E. copanus Williamson & Lucas, 1993; E. sp. nov. Williamson, 1996]
      |     |  |-- †E. coryphaeus (Cope, 1855) [Mioclaenus bathygnathus; Triisodon biculminatus]
      |     |  `-- †E. copanus Van Valen, 1978
      |     `--+-- †Stelocyon arctylos Gingerich, 1978
      |        `--o †Triisodon Cope, 1881
      |           |-- †T. quivirensis Cope, 1881
      |           `-- †T. crassicuspis (Cope, 1882)
      `--+?- †Microclaenodon assurgens Scott, 1892
         `--+-- †Mesonychia Van Valen, 1966 [Acreodi] (mesonykit; mesonychians)
            `--o Cetartiodactyla Montgelard et al., 1997
               `-- Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [incl. Cetacea Brisson, 1762] (sorkkaeläimet; artiodactyls and whales)

<==o “Paraxonia”
   |-- Artiodactyla
   `--o Cete sensu lato
      |?- †Olsenia
      |-- †Andrewsarchus
      `--+--o †Triisodontidae
         |  |-- †Goniacodon
         |  `--+-- †Eoconodon
         |     `--+-- †Triisodon
         |        `-- †Stelocyon
         `--+?- †Microclaenodon
            `--o Cete sensu stricto
               |-- †Mesonychia
               `-- Cetacea

Reference(s):

• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Gazin, C. L., 1976: Mammalian faunal zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene.
  –Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 26, pp. iv-25
• Clemens, W. A. & Williamson, T. E., 2005: A new species of Eoconodon (Triisodontidae, Mammalia) from the San Juan basin, New Mexico.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #1, pp. 208-213
• Geisler, J. H. & Uhen, M. D., 2003: Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #4, pp. 991-996
• Gingerich, P. D., ul Hag, M., Zalmout, I. S., Khan, I. H. & Malkani, M. S., 2001: Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan.
  –Science: Vol. 293, pp. 2239-2242
• Madar, S. I., Thewissen, J. G. M. & Hussain, S. T., 2002: Additional holotype remains of Ambulocetus natans (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their implications for locomotion in early whales.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #2, pp. 405-422
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
• O'Leary, M. A., 1998: Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade.
  in Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.), 1998: The Emergency of Whales.
  –Plenum Press, New York, 1998.
• O'Leary, M. A., 1998: Morphology of the humerus of Hapalodectes (Mammalia, Mesonychia).
  –American Museum Novitates: #3242, November 5, pp. 1-6.
• O'Leary, M. A., Lucas, S. G. & Williamson, T. E., 2000: A new specimen of Ankalagon (Mammalia), Mesonychia) and evidence of sexual dimorphism in mesonychians.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 387-393
• Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementzm M. T., Bajpai, S. & Tiwari, B. N., 2007: Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India.
  –Nature: Vol. 450, 20/27 December 2007, pp. 1190-1194 [doi: 10.1038/nature06343]
• Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J. & Hussain, S. T., 2001: Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and relationship of whales to artiodactyls.
  –Nature: Vol. 413, pp. 277-281