After Boisserie, 2005, Boisserie, 2007, †Coryndon, 1978, Stuenes, 1989, McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Weston, 2000
<==o Hippopotamidae Gray, 1821 (hippos; virtahevot)
|--o †Kenyapotamus Pickford, 1983 [Kenyapotaminae]
| |-- †K. coryndoni Pickford, 1983
| `-- †K. ternani Pickford, 1983
`--o Hippopotaminae (nykyvirtahevot)
|--+-- Choeropsis liberiensis (Morton, 1844) Leidy, 1853 (West African dwarf hippo; kääpiövirtahepo)
| `--o †Saotherium Boisserie, 2005
| |-- †S. mingoz (Boisserie et al., 2003) [Hexaprotodon mingoz Boisserie et al., 2003]
| `?- †S. aff.S. mingoz [Boisserie et al., 2003]
`--+--o †Archaeopotamus Boisserie, 2005 [Hexaprotodon Falconer & Cautley, 1836 in partim]
| |--+-- †A. lothagamensis (Weston, 2000) [em>Hexaprotodon lothagamensis Weston, 2000]
| | `?- †A. aff. lothagamensis Gentry, 1999
| `--+-- †A. harvardi (Coryndon, 1977) [Hexaprotodon harvardi Coryndon, 1977]
| `?- †A. aff. harvardi Kent, 1942
`--+--o †Hexaprotodon Falconer & Cautley, 1836 [incl. Trilobophorus]
| `--+?- †Hex. sahabiensis Gaziry, 1987
| `--+?- †Hex. garyam Boisserie, Likius, Vignaud & Brunet, 2005
| |?- †Hex. crusafonti Aguirre, 1963 [=? Hexaprotodon primaevus Crusafont et al., 1964]
| |?- †Hex. siculus (Hooijer, 1940)
| |?- †Hex. pantanellii (Joleaud, 1920)
| `--+?- †Hex. iravaticus Falconer & Cautley, 1847
| `==o †H. sivalensis Falconer & Cautley, 1836 [paraphyletic chrono-species]
| |--+-- †Hex. bruneti Boisserie & White, 2004
| | `--+-- †Hex. namadicus (Falconer & Cautley, 1847)
| | `--+-- †Hex. palaeindicus (Falconer & Cautley, 1847)
| | `-- †Hex. synahleyus (Deraniyagala, 1935)
| |?- †Hex. koenigswaldi (Hooijer, 1950)
| |?- †Hex. sivajavanicus (Hooijer, 1950)
| |?- †Hex. soloensis (Hooijer, 1950)
| `?- †Hex. duboisi (Hooijer, 1950)
`==o aff. Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758
|?- †Hex. cf. protamphibius Weston, 2003
|?-+?- †Hip. dulu (Boisserie, 2004)
| `--+-- †Hex. afarensis (Gèze, 1985) [Trilobophorus afarensis Harrison, 1997, Boisserie, 2005]
| `-- †Hex. coryndoni Gèze, 1985
`?-+--+-- †Hex. protamphibius (Arambourg, 1944) [H. shungurensis Gèze, 1985]
| |-- †Hex. karumensis Coryndon, 1977
| `-- †Hip. aethiopicus Coryndon & Coppens, 1975 [Hexaprotodon aethiopicus (Coryndon & Coppens, 1975)]
`--o Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 sensu stricto [Hexaprotodon; Hippoleakius; Prochoeropsis; Tetraprotodon] (hippopotamus; virtahevot)
|?- †H. hipponensis Gaudry, 1876 [Hexaprotodon hipponensis (Gaudry, 1876)]
`--o †H. kaisensis Hopwood, 1926 [Hexaprotodon kaisensis (Hopwood, 1926)] [paraphyletic chrono-species]
`--+?- †H. gorgops Dietrich, 1928 [H. benemoth Faure, 1986(?); H. sirensis Pomel, 1890(?)] (periscope-eyed hippo; periskooppivirtahepo)
`--+?=o †H. antiquus [H. major Desmarest, 1822;] (european hippo; euroopanvirtahepo)
| |?- †H. georgicus Vekua, 1959(?)
| `--o †H. antiquus [paraphyletic chrono-species]
| |-- †H. creutzburgi Boekschoten & Sondaar, 1966 (Crete dwarf hippo; kreetankääpiövirtahepo)
| `-- †H. tiberianus Mazza, 1991
`?=o H. amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 [H. incognitus Faure, 1984] (hippopotamus, hippo; virtahepo)
|?- †H. lemerlei Grandidier, in Milne-Edwards, 1868 [H. leptorhynchus Grandidier & Filhol, 1894; H. amphibius standini Monnier & Lamberton, 1922] (madagaskarinmaakääpoövirtahepo)
|?- †H. madagascariensis Guldberg, 1882 [Hex. madagascariensis] (madagaskarinkääpiövirtahepo)
|?- †H. laloumena Faure & Guérin, 1990
`?--+-- †H. melitensis Major, 1902 (Maltese dwarf hippo; maltankääpiövirtahepo)
`-- †H. pentlandi Von Meyer, 1832 (Sisilian dwarf hippo; sisiliankääpiövirtahepo)
Hippopotamidae incertae sedis:
aff. Hexaprotodon
†Hex. sp. aff. H. sahabiensis
†Hex. primaevus Crusafont et al., 1964
†Hex. imagunculus (Hopwood, 1926) [Hippopotamus imagunculus Hopwood, 1926]
†Hex. aff. H. imagunculus [Pavlakis, 1990]
aff. Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758
†Hip. protamphibius turkanensis Gèze, 1985
†Hip. minutus Cuvier, 1824 [Phanourios Boekschoten & Sondaar, 1972; Hippopotamus minor Desmarest, 1822] (kyproksenkääpiövirtahepo; Cypros dwarf hippo)
After Boisserie, 2005 (fig. 7 and partly fig. 10
<==o Hippopotamidae
|--+-- Choeropsis liberiensis
| `--o †Saotherium
| |-- †S. mingoz
| `?- †S. aff.S. mingoz
`--+--o †Archaeopotamus
| |--+-- †A. harvardi
| | `?- †A. aff. harvardi
| `--+-- †A. lothagamensis
| `?- †A. aff. lothagamensis
`--+--o †Hexaprotodon sensu stricto
| |-- †H. sivalensis
| `--+-- †Hex. bruneti
| `-- †Hex. palaeindicus
`==o aff. Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758
|-- †Hex. afarensis
`--+--o Hippopotamus sensu stricto
| |-- †H. gorgops
| `-- H. amphibius
`--+-- †Hex. karumensis
`--+-- †Hex. protamphibius
`-- †Hex. aethiopicus
Reference(s):
- Boisserie, J.-R., 2005: The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 143, #1, pp. 1-26 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x]
|
Reference(s):
- Boisserie, J.-R., 2007: Family Hippopotamidae. 106-119.
in Prothero, D. R. & Foss, S. E., (eds.) 2007: The evolution of artiodactyls.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2007, xii-367
- Boisserie, J.-R., 2005: The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 143, #1, pp. 1-26 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x]
- Boisserie, J.-R., Likius, A., Vignaud, P. & Brunet, M., 2005: A new Late Miocene hippopotamid from Toros-Menalla, Chad.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #3, pp. 665-673 [doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0665:ANLMHF]2.0.CO;2]
- Boisserie, J.-R. & White, T. D., 2004: A new species of Pliocene Hippopotamidae from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 24, #2, pp. 464-473 [doi: 10.1671/2475]
- †Coryndon, S. C., 1978: Hippopotamidae. 483-495. [edited by Savage, R. J. G.]
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641
- McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., eds., 1997: Classification of mammals; above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997.
- Stuenes, S., 1989: Taxonomy, habits, and relationships of the subfossil madagascan hippopotami Hippopotamus lemerlei and Hippopotamus madagascariensis.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 9, #3, pp. 241-268
- Weston, E. M., 2000: A New Species of Hippopotamus Hexaprotodon lothagamensis (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) from the Late Miocene of Kenya.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #1, pp. 177-185 [doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0177:ANSOHH]2.0.CO;2]