After Geisler et al., 2007
Alternative, family-level phylogeny after McKenna & Bell, 1997.
Alternative, family-level phylogeny after Carroll, 1988.
<==o Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [Ceteartiodactyla](sorkkaeläimet; artiodactyls, even-toed ungulates) |--+== †Dichobunidae Turner, 1849 [non Gill, 1872] [paraphyletic] | `-- †Choeropotamidae Owen, 1845 sensu Hooker & Weidmann, 2000 [incl. †Haplobunodontidae Pilgrim, 1941] `--+==o †Diacodexeidae Gazin, 1955 [paraphyletic] | |-- †Gujaratia Bajbai et al, 2005 [paraphyletic Diacodexeidae] | `--+-- †Diacodexis Cope, 1881 [paraphyletic Diacodexeidae Gazin, 1955] | |-- †Leptochoeridae Marsh, 1894 sensu stricto? | `-- †Helohyidae Marsh, 1877 `--+-- †Antiacodon Marsh, 1872 [Sarcolemur] [Antiacodontidae] |--o Tylopoda | |--+-- †Gobiohyus [Helohyidae s.l.?] | | `-- †Homacodontidae Marsh, 1874 [non 1849] [incl. Altiaconodontidae; Bunomerycidae sensu Theodor et al., 2007] | `--+-- †Bunomeryx montanus Wortman, 1898 [Bunomerycidae] | `--+-- †Anoplotheroidea | `-- Cameloidea Gray, 1821 |--o Suiformes Jaeckel, 1911 [Tesserachenae Gray, 1821; Omnivora Owen, 1859; Porcina Trouessart, 1879; Suina Owen, 1868] (sikaeläimet; pig-like artiodactyls) | |-- †Entelodontidae Lydekker, 1883 | `--o Suoidea Gray, 1821 | |-- Tayassuidae Palmer, 1897 (peccarines; pekarit) | `-- Suidae Gray, 1821 (pigs; siat) `--o Ceteruminantia |--o Cetancodonta [Whippomorpha] | |-- †Raoellidae Sahni, Bhatia, Hartenberger, Jaeger, Kumar, Sudre & Vianey-Liaud, 1981 sensu Thewissen et al, 2007 | `--+-- †Cebochoeridae Lydekker, 1883 | `--+-- Cetacea Brisson, 1762 (whales; valaat) | `--o Anthracotheroidea | |--+-- †Mixtotherium Filhol, 1880 [Mixtotheriidae Pearson, 1927] | | `-- †Elomeryx Marsh, 1894 | `--+== †“Anthracotheriidae” Leidy, 1869 non Gill, 1872 [incl. Bothriodontinae; Anthracotheriinae; ?Hippopotamidae] [paraphyletic] | `-- Hippopotamidae Gray, 1821 (hippos; virtahevot) `--+-- †Amphirhagatherium Depéret, 1908 [Cetodontotherium; Anthracobunodon] [has been treated as a choeropotamid (Hooker & Thomas, 2001)] `--+--+--+--o †Leptotragulus [Protoceratidae: Leptotragulinae] | | | |-- †L. ?clarki | | | `-- †L. medius | | `-- †Agriochoeridae [paraphyletic Oreodontoidea] | `--+-- †Xiphodontidae [Xiphodontoidea] | `-- †Oreodontidae [Merycoidodontidae Thorpe, 1923] [paraphyletic Oreodontoidea] (oreodonts; oreodontit) `--+-- †Oromerycidae `--+-- †Protoceratidae Marsh, 1891 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 [Protoceratoidea Marsh, 1891] `-- Ruminantia Scapoli, 1777 (ruminants; märehtijät)
Alternative phylogenies of Artiodactyla
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Gazin, C. L., 1976: Mammalian faunal zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 26, pp. iv-25 - Geisler, J. H., Theodor, J. M., Uhen, M. D. & Foss, S. E., 2007: Phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls. 19-31
in Prothero, D. R. & Foss, S. E. (eds.), 2007: The evolution of artiodactyls.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2007, xii-367 - Theodor, J. M., Erfurt, J. & Métais, G., 2007: The earliest artiodactyls – Diacodexeidae, Dichobunidae, Homacodontidae, Leptochoeridae, Raoellidae. 32-58.
in Prothero, D. R. & Foss, S. E., (eds.) 2007: The evolution of artiodactyls.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2007, xii-367 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Métais, G., Qi, T., Guo, J. & Beard, K. C., 2005: A new bunoselenodont artiodactyl from the Middle Eocene of China and the early record of selenodont artiodactyls in Asia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #4, pp. 994-997 - Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M. A. & Gatesy, J., 2009: Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution.
–Plos One: Vol. 4, #9, pp. e7062(1-14) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007062]