Note:
Mammalia has been defined as a monophyletic group containing all living mammals [monotremes, marsupialians & placentals]. If recent work by Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska [2001] is accepted by the consensus of other paleomammalogist, will Mammalia be restricted even more inclusive group within holotheres.
Recently Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo (2004), and Luo & Wible (2005) have dropped Australophenida Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001 with †Shuotherium to the base of the mammalian radiation, basically to the position previously occupied by Prototheria Gill. Kielan-Jaworowska et al. also dropped the traditional Prototheria [Monotremata and its closest relatives] in flavor of Yinotheria Chow & Rich, and defined it as a root-based clade (all mammalians closer to Ornithorhynchus anatinus than Homo sapiens).
I present here four different views of basal mammalian phylogeny
After McKenna & Bell, 1997
<==o Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu stricto [Rowe, 1988 and McKenna & Bell, 1997] (mammals; nisäkkäät) |-- Prototheria Gill, 1872 [Monotremata] (platypus & echidinas; nokkaeläimet) `--o Theriiformes Rowe, 1988 [Theriimorpha Rowe, 1993] |-- †Allotheria Marsh, 1880 (multituberculates and relatives; multituberkulaatit ja sukulaiset) `--+-- †Triconodonta Osborn, 1888 [Alternative phylogenetic position after Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001] `-- Holotheria Wible, Rougier, Novacek, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 1995 [Patriotheria Simpson, 1971, Orthotheria Vandebroek, 1964, Theria] ("higher mammals"; "korkeammat nisäkkäät")
After Wang, Hu, Meng & Li, 2001
<==o Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu stricto [Rowe, 1988 and McKenna & Bell, 1997] (mammals; nisäkkäät) |?- †Gondwanatheria Mones, 1987 [has been treated as multituberculates] |-- †Triconodonta Osborn, 1888 [Alternative phylogenetic position after Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001] `--+--+-- Prototheria Gill, 1872 [Monotremata] (platypus & echidinas; nokkaeläimet) | `-- †Allotheria Marsh, 1880 (multituberculates and relatives; multituberkulaatit ja sukulaiset) `-- Holotheria Wible, Rougier, Novacek, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 1995 [Patriotheria Simpson, 1971, Orthotheria Vandebroek, 1964, Theria] ("higher mammals"; "korkeammat nisäkkäät")
After Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001 and Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska & Cifelli, 2002
<==o Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu stricto [Rowe, 1988 and McKenna & Bell, 1997] (mammals; nisäkkäät) |-- †Allotheria Marsh, 1880 `--o Theriiformes Rowe, 1988 [Theriimorpha Rowe, 1993] |-- †Triconodontidae Marsh, 1887 `--+-- †Gobiconodontidae (Chow & Rich, 1984) Jenkins & Schaff, 1988 `--+-- †Amphilestidae Osborn, 1888 `-- Holotheria Wible, Rougier, Novacek, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 1995 [Patriotheria Simpson, 1971, Orthotheria Vandebroek, 1964, Theria] ("higher mammals"; "korkeammat nisäkkäät")
After Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, 2004, and Luo & Wible, 2005
<==o Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu stricto [Rowe, 1988 and McKenna & Bell, 1997] (mammals; nisäkkäät) |--o Yinotheria Chow & Rich, 1982 sensu Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, 2004, and Luo & Wible, 2005 [Prototheria Gill, 1872] | |--o †Shuotheriidae Chow & Rich, 1982 [Shuotheridia Chow & Rich, 1982] | | |-- †Pseudotribos robustus Luo, Ji & Yuan, 2007 | | `--o †Shuontherium Chow & Rich, 1982 | | |-- †S. dongi Chow & Rich, 1982 | | |-- †S. shilongi Wang, Clemens, Hu & Li, 1998 | | `-- †S. kermacki Sigogneau-Russell, 1998 | `-- Australophenida Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001 sensu Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, 2004, and Luo & Wible, 2005 [incl. Monotremata and Ausktribosphenida] (platypus & echidinas; nokkaeläimet) `--+-- †Fruitafossor windscheffeli Luo & Wible, 2005 |--o †Volaticotheria Meng, Hu, Y. Wang, X. Wang, & Li, 2006 | `-- †Volaticotherium antiquum Meng, Hu, Y. Wang, X. Wang, & Li, 2006 emend. Meng, Hu, Y. Wang, X. Wang & Li, 2007 [Volaticotherium antiquus Meng, Hu, Y. Wang, X. Wang, & Li, 2006] `--o Theriimorpha Rowe, 1993 |-- †Triconodonta Osborn, 1888 `--o Theriiformes Rowe, 1988 |-- †Allotheria Marsh, 1880 `-- Holotheria Wible, Rougier, Novacek, McKenna & Dashzeveg, 1995 [Patriotheria Simpson, 1971, Orthotheria Vandebroek, 1964, Theria] ("higher mammals"; "korkeammat nisäkkäät")
Mammalia incertae sedis:
†Tikitherium Datta, 2005; U.Trias. Ind.
†T. copei Datta, 2005
Reference(s):
- Burkitt, J. H., 1995: Mammals: A world listing of living and extinct species.
–iNet: [file no longer available, looking for new link] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Datta, P. M., 2005: Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana basin, India.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #1, pp. 200-2007 - Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X., 2004: Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – origins, evolution, and structure.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 2004, xv-630 - Luo, Z. 1994: Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of
diagnostic mammalian characters. 98-128.
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Luo, Z.-X., Ji, Q. & Yuan, C.-X., 2007: Convergent dental adaptations in pseudo-tribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals.
–Nature: Vol. 450, pp. 93-97 [doi: 10.1038/nature06221] - Luo, Z.-X. & Wible, J. R., 2005: A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification.
–Science: Vol. 308, pp. 103-107 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Meng, J., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X.-l. & Li, C.-k., 2006: A Mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern China.
–Nature: Vol. 444, pp. 889-893 - Pascual, R., Archer, M., Jaureguizar, E. O., Prado, J. L., Godthelp, H. & Hand, S. J., 1992: First discovery of monotremes in South America.
–Nature: Vol. 356, 23 April, pp.704-706 - Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Meng, J. & Li, C., 2001: An ossified Meckel's Cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the mammalian middle ear.
–Science: Vol. 294, pp. 357-361