After O'Keefe, 2001
<==o †Pliosauroidea Welles, 1943 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 (pliosaurs; lyhytkaulaiset joutsenliskot) |?- †Bathyspondylus swindoniensis Delair, 1982 [nomen dubium?] |?-o †Bishanopliosaurus Dong, 1980 | |-- †B. youngi Dong, 1980 | `-- †B. zigongensis Gao, Ye & Shan, 2004 |?- †Brimosaurus grandis Leidy, 1855(1854?) |?- †Crymocetus barnardi (Owen, 1850) Cope, 1869 [Plesiosaurus Barnardi Owen, 1850; “Cimoliasaurus” bernardi; Cymocetus Cope, 1869; Romer, 1966 (lapsus calami)] [nomen dubium] |?- †Megalneusaurus rex Knight, 1898 |?- †Pachycostasaurus dawni Cruickshank, Martill & Noe, 1996 |?-o †Sinopliosaurus G. Young, 1820 | |-- †S. fusuiensis G. Young, 1820 | |-- †S. weiyuanensis Young, 1946 non Young, 1942 | |-- †S. jingguensis Zhao 1986a | `-- †S. sheziensis `--+-- †Rhomaleosauridae (Nopsca, 1928) Kuhn, 1961 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 [Thaumatosauridae, incl. Leptocleidinae] `-- †Pliosauridae Seeley, 1874 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 [incl. Brachauchneiidae Williston, 1925]
Pliosauroidea incertae sedis:
†Eurysaurus Gaudry, 1878 [nomen dubium]
†Ischyrodon von Meyer, 1838 [=? Liopleurodon]
†Luetkesaurus Kiprijanoff, 1883
After Ketchum & Benson, 2010 (fig. 6)<==o †Pliosauroidea |-- OUMNH J.28585 `--+--o †Rhomaleosauridae | |-- †Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus | `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus | `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus victor [Meyerasaurus] | `-- †Maresaurus `--o †Pliosauridae |-- BMNH R2439 `--+--+-- BEDFM 1999/201 | `--+-- OUMNH J.02247 | `-- †Peloneustes `--+-- †Simolestes `--+-- †Liopleurodon `--+-- †Pliosaurus `--+-- FHSM VP321 `--+-- †Brachauchenius `-- †Kronosaurus Reference(s):
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After Ketchum & Benson, 2010 (fig. 5a)<==o †Pliosauroidea |-- OUMNH J.28585 `==o †Rhomaleosauridae |-- †Rhomaleosaurus victor [Meyerasaurus] |-- †Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus |-- †Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus |-- †Eurycleidus `--o †Pliosauridae |-- BMNH R2439 `--+--+-- †“Pliosaurus” andrewsi | |-- †Peloneustes | |-- OUMNH J.02247 | `-- BEDFM 1999/201 `--+-- †Simolestes `--+-- †Liopleurodon `--+-- †Pliosaurus `--+-- FHSM VP321 `--+-- †Brachauchenius `-- †Kronosaurus Reference(s):
|
|
After Smith & Dyke, 2008 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010)<==o †Pliosauroidea |-- BMNH 49202 `--+-- OUMNH J.28585 `--+-- †Hauffiosaurus |-- †“Macroplata” longirostris |--o Rhomaleosauridae | |-- †Archaeonectrus | `--+--+-- †Maresaurus | | |-- †Sthenarosaurus | | |-- †Rhomaleosaurus victor | | `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus propinqus | | |-- †Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus | | `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni | | `-- †Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni | `--+-- †Macroplata | `--+-- WARWKS G10875 | `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus | |-- NMING F10194 | |-- NMING F8749 | `-- †Eurycleidus `--+--o †Pliosauridae | |--+-- †Kronosaurus | | `-- †Brachauchenius | `--+-- †Simolestes | `--+-- †Liopleurodon | `--+-- †Pliosaurus | `-- †Peloneustes `--+--o †Polycotylidae | |-- †Leptocleidus clemai | `-- †Dolichorhynchops `--o †Leptocleididae |-- TMP 94 12201 (Nichollssaura borealis) `--+-- †Umoonasaurus `--+-- †Leptocleidus capensis `-- †Leptocleidus superstes |
After Kear, Schroeder & Lee, 2006<==o †Pliosauroidea |-- †Thalassiodracon `--+-- †Eurycleidus `--+-- †Attenborosaurus `--+-- †Pliosauridae `--o †Rhomaleosauridae |-- †Umoonasaurus `--+--+-- †“Rhomaleosaurus” megacephalus | `-- †“Rhomaleosaurus” victor [Meyerasaurus] `--+-- †Macroplata `--+-- †Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus `--+-- †Simolestes `-- †Leptocleidus |
After Hampe, 1992 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010)<==o †Pliosauroidea |-- †Leptocleidus capensis `--+--o †Polycotylidae | |-- †Trinacromerum willistoni | `--+-- †Dolichorhynchops osborni | `-- †Dolichorhynchops bentonianum `--o †Pliosauroidea |-- †Brachauchenius |-- †Kronosaurus boyacensis `-- †Kronosaurus queenslandicus |
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Creisler, B., 1998: Giant pliosaurs - real and imaginary.
–iNet: WWW.Dinosauria.com: Dino-Dispatches: No. 1, 16 November. 1998 - Creisler, B., 1999-2001: Plesiosauria translation and pronunciation guide.
–iNet: Dinosauria.com: http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/ples.html - Everhart, M., 2000: Something about Plesiosaurs.
–iNet: WWW.OceansofKansas.com: http://www.oceansofkansas.com/plesio2.html - Everhart, M., 2000: Something about Pliosaurs.
–iNet: WWW.OceansofKansas.com: http://www.oceansofkansas.com/pliosaur.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Archaeonectrus.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Archaeonectrus.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Brachaucheniidae.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Brachaucheniidae.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Kronosaurus.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Kronosaurs.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Thalassiodracon.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Thalassiodracon.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: The Rhomaleosaurs.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Rhomaleosaurs.html - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Subfamily Leptocleidinae.
–iNet: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/sauropterygia/Leptocleidinae.html - O'Keefe, F. R., 2001: A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia).
–Acta Zoologica Fennica: Vol. #213, pp. 1-63 - O'Keefe, F. R., 2002: The evolution of plesiosaur and pliosaur morphotypes in the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia).
–Paleobiology: Vol. 28, #1, pp. 101-112 - Ketchum, H. F. & Benson, R. B. J., 2010: Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses.
–Biological Reviews: Vol. 85, #2, pp. 361-392 [doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x] - Storrs, G. W., Arkhangel'skii, M. S. & Efimov, V. R., 2000: Mezosoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics. 187-210
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Storrs, G. W. & Taylor, M. A., 1996: Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the Lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 403-420 - Gao, Y.-H., Ye, Y. & Shan, J., 2004: A new species of Bishanopliosaurus from Middle Jurassic of Zigong, Sichuan.
–Vertebrata PalAsiatica: Vol. 42, #2, pp. 162-165