Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Parareptilia – turtles(?) and their extinct relatives

After Tsuji & Müller, 2009

<==o †Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009 [Anapsida Osborn, 1903 (paraphyletic); Proganosauria; ] (anapsids, parareptiles; ohimoaukottomat amniootit, parareptiilit)
   |?- †Microleter mckinzieorum Tsuji, Müller & Reisz, 2010
   |--o †Mesosauridae Baur, 1889
   |  |-- †Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki, 1966
   |  `--+-- †Stereosternum tumidum Cope, 1886
   |     `--o †Mesosaurus [Ditrichosaurus Gurich, 1889; Noteosaurus africanus Broom, 1913, Notosaurus]
   |        |-- †M. tenuidens Gervais, 1864-66 [Noteosaurus africanus Broom, 1913; Notosaurus; Ditrochosaurus capensis Gurich, 1889; Mesosaurus capensis (Gurich, 1889)]
   |        `-- †M. brasiliensis McGregor, 1908 [jr. synon. to M. tenuidens??]
   `--o Parareptilia Olson, 1947 sensu deBraga & Reisz, 1996
      |?- †Kinelia broomi Bulatov, 2002
      |--+-- †Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley, 1892 sensu Modesto, 2000
      |  `?- Testudinata Klein, in Behn, 1760 sensu Lyson, Bever, Bhullar, Joyce & Gauthier, 2010, and Lyson, Bever, Scheyer, Hsiang & Gauthier, 2013 (turtles & tortoises)
      |--o †Millerettidae Watson, 1957 [Millerosauria, Millerosauroidea]
      |  |?- †Heleophilus Broom, 1909
      |  |?- †Milleretoides acutirostris Broom, 1941
      |  |?- †Nanomilleretta kitchingi Broom & Robinson, 1948
      |  |-- †Milleretta rubidgei Broom, 1938 [Millerina rubidgei Broom, 1938; Millerettoides platyceps Broom, 1948; Millerettops kitchingi Broom, 1948]
      |  `--+-- †Broomia perplexa Watson, 1914
      |     `--+-- †Millerosaurus ornatus Broom, 1948
      |        `--+-- †Milleropsis pricei (Watson, 1957) Gow, 1972 [Millerosaurus pricei] [=? Millerosaurus pricei]
      |           `--o †Millerosaurus Broom, 1948
      |              |-- †M. nuffieldi Broom, 1948
      |              `-- †M. ornatus Broom, 1948
      `--o †Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996 sensu Tsuji & Müller, 2009
         |--o †Lanthanosuchoidea Efremov, 1946 sensu Debraga & Reisz, 1996
         |  `==o †“Lanthanosuchidae” Efremov, 1946 [paraphyletic ( Tsuji & Müller, 2009)]
         |     |-- †Lanthaniscus efremovi Ivakhnenko, 1980
         |     |-- †Lanthanosuchus watsoni Efremov, 1946
         |     |-- †Chalcosaurus rossicus v. Meyer, 1866
         |     `--o †Acleistorhinidae Daly, 1969
         |        |-- †Colobomycter pholeter Vaughn, 1958
         |        `-- †Acleistorhinus pteronicus Daly, 1969
         `--+--o †Nyctiphruretia Efremov, 1938 sensu Lee, 1993 [paraphyletic?]
            |  |?- †Tokosaurus perforatus Tverdochlebova & Ivachnenko, 1984
            |  `--o †Nyctiphruretidae Efremov, 1938
            |     |?-†Nyctiboetus liteus Chudinov 1955 [a nyctiphruretid according to Paleobiology Database]
            |     |-- †Abyssomedon williamsi MacDougall & Reisz, 2014
            |     `--o †Nyctiphruretus Efremov, 1938
            |        |-- †N. acudens Efremov, 1938 [N. acrudens (lapsus calami)]
            |        |-- †N. ineptus (=? Nycteroleter ineptus Efremov, 1938)
            |        `-- †N. optabilis Bulatov, 2002
            |--o †Bolosauria Kuhn, 1959 [non Cope, 1878] sensu Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015
            |  |-- †Erpetonyx arsenaultorum Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans & Reisz, 2015
            |  `--o †Bolosauridae Cope, 1878 sensu Berman et al., 2000
            |     |?- †Bolosauridae genera et species indet. [China]
            |     |--o †Bolosaurus Cope, 1878; L. Perm. NA.
            |     |  |?- †B. rapidens
            |     |  |-- †B. striatus Cope, 1878
            |     |  |-- †B. major Broom, 1913
            |     |  |-- †B. traati Tatarinov, 1974
            |     |  `-- †B. grandis Reisz, Barkas & Scott, 2002
            |     |-- †Eudibamus cursoris Berman, Reisz, Scott, Henrici, Sumida & Martens, 2000; L. Perm. CEu.
            |     `--o †Belebay Ivakhnenko, 1973; U.Perm. EEu.
            |        |-- †B. vegrandis Ivakhnenko, 1973
            |        |-- †B. maximi Tverdokhlebova, 1987
            |        |-- †B. chengi Müller, Li & Reisz, 2008
            |        `-- †B. augustodunensis Falconnet 2012
            `-- †Procolophonomorpha Romer, 1964 sensu Lee, 1995

<==o Parareptilia
   |-- †Mesosauridae
   `--+--o †Millerosauria
      |  |-- †Eunotosaurus
      |  `-- †Millerettidae
      `--+--o †Bolosauria
         |  |-- †Erpetonyx
         |  `-- †Bolosauridae
         `--+-- †Australothyris
            `--+-- †Lanthanosuchia
               `--+-- †Microleter
                  `--+-- †Nyctiphruretidae
                     `--+-- †Procolophonidae
                        `-- †Pareiasauromorpha

<==o Parareptilia
   |--+--+-- †Microleter
   |  |  `-- †Australothyris
   |  `--+-- †Mesosauridae
   |     `--o †Bolosauridae
   |        |-- †Eudibamus
   |        `-- †Belebay
   `--+-- †Millerettidae
      `--o Procolophonomorpha
         |--+-- †Delorhynchus
         |  `--+-- †Acleistorhinus
         |     `--+-- †Colobomycter
         |        `-- †Feeserpeton
         `--+-- †Lanthanosuchus
            `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus
               `--+-- †Rhipaeosaurus 
                  `--+-- †Macroleter
                     |--+-- †Emeroleter
                     |  `--+-- †“Bashkyroleter” mesensis
                     |     `--+-- †Nycteroleter
                     |        `-- †Bashkyroleter
                     `--+-- †Procolophonoidea
                        `-- †Pareiasauria

<==o Anapsida
   |-- †Mesosauridae
   `--o Parareptilia
      |-- †Millerettidae
      `--+--o †Lanthanosuchoidea
         |  |-- †Acleistorhinus
         |  `-- †Lanthanosuchus
         `--+--o Pan-Testudines
            |  |-- †Eunotosaurus
            |  `-- Testudinata
            `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus
               `--+--+-- †Bolosauridae
                  |  `-- †Procolophonoidea
                  `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae
                     `-- †Pareiasauria

<==o Parareptilia
   |-- †Mesosauridae
   `--+-- †Millerosauria
      `--o †Procolophonomorpha
         |-- †Australothyris
         `--o †Ankyramorpha
            |-- †Lanthanosuchoidea
            `--+-- †Bolosauridae
               `--+-- †Nyctiphruretus
                  `-- †Procolophonia

<==o Anapsida
   |-- †Mesosauridae
   `--o Parareptilia
      |-- †Millerettidae
      `--+-- †Bolosauridae
         `--+-- †Eunotosaurus sensu Modesto, 2000
            `--o Procolophonomorpha
               |?- †Australothyris
               `--+-- †Procolophonoidea
                  `--+-- †Nycteroleteridae
                     `-- †Pareiasauria

<==o †Parareptilia
   |--o †Mesosauridae
   |  |-- †Brazilosaurus
   |  |-- †Stereosternum
   |  `-- †Mesosaurus
   `--+-- †Eunotosaurus africanus
      |--o †Millerettidae
      |  |?- †Heleophilus
      |  |?- †Milleretoides
      |  |?- †Nanomilleretta
      |  |-- †Milleretta
      |  `--+-- †Broomia
      |     `--+-- †Millerosaurus
      |        `--+-- †Milleropsis
      |           `-- †Millerosaurus
      `--o †Ankyramorpha
         |--o †Lanthanosuchoidea
         |  `==o †“Lanthanosuchidae”
         |     |-- †Lanthaniscus
         |     |-- †Lanthanosuchus
         |     |-- †Chalcosaurus
         |     `--o †Acleistorhinidae
         |        |-- †Colobomycter
         |        `-- †Acleistorhinus
         `--+--o †Nyctiphruretia
            |  |?- †Tokosaurus
            |  `--o †Nyctiphruretidae
            |     |?-†Nyctiboetus
            |     |-- †Abyssomedon
            |     `-- †Nyctiphruretus
            |--o †Bolosauria
            |  |-- †Erpetonyx
            |  `--o †Bolosauridae
            |     |-- †Bolosaurus
            |     |-- †Eudibamus
            |     `-- †Belebay
            `-- †Procolophonomorpha

Reference(s):

• Berman, D. S., Reisz, R. R., Scott, D., Henrici, A. C., Sumida, S. S. & Martens, T. 2000: Early Permian bipedal reptile.
  –Science: vol. 290, 3 November, pp. 969-972
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698
• deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395
• Falconnet, J., 2012: First evidence of a bolosaurid parareptile in France (latest Carboniferous-earliest Permian of the Autun basin) and the spatiotemporal distribution of the Bolosauridae.
  –Bulletin de la Société Geologique de France: Vol. 183, #6, pp. 495-508 [doi: 10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.495]
• Laurin, M., Gauthier, J. A. & Hedges, S. B., 1996-1997: Amniota - Mammals and reptiles.
  –iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniota/amniota.htm
• Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996-2000: Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes.
  –iNet: The Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/amniote_lichen/Amniote_phylogeny.htm
• Lee, M. S. Y., 1996: Correlated progression and the origin of turtles.
  –Nature: Vol. 379, 29 February, pp. 812-815
• Lee, M. S. Y., 1993: The origin of the turtle body plan: Bridging a famous morphological gap.
  –Science: Vol. 261, 24 September, 1716-1720
• Modesto, S. P., 1999: Observations on the structure of the Early Permian reptile Staurosternon tuditum Cope.
  –Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 7-19
• Modesto, S. P., 2000: Eunotosaurus africanus and the Gondwanan ancestery of anapsid reptiles.
  –Paleontologica Africana: Vol. 36, pp. 15-20
• Modesto, S. P., Scott, D. M. & Reisz, R. R., 2009: A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa.
  –Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences: Vol. 46, #1, pp. 9-20 [doi: 10.1139/E09-001]
• Müller, J., Li, J.-L. & Reisz, R., 2008: A new bolosaurid parareptile, Belebey chengi sp. nov., from the Middle Permian of China and its paleogeographic significance.
  –Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 95, #12, pp. 1169-1174 [doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0438-0]
• Reisz, R. R., Barkas, V. & Scott, D., 2002: A new Early Permian bolosaurid reptile from the Richards Spur Dolese Brothers quarry, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 23-28
• Ruta, M., Cisneros, J. C., Liebrecht, T., Tsuji, L. A. & Müller, J., 2011: Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction.
  –Palaeontology: Vol. 54, #5, pp. (1117-1137) [doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x]
• Tsuji, L. A., Müller, J. & Reisz, R. R., 2010: Microleter mckinzieorum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma: the basalmost parareptile from Laurasia.
  –Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 8, #2, pp. (245-255) [doi: 10.1080/14772010903461099]