After Rieppell, 1994, Evans & Barbadillo, 1998 and Caldwell, 1999
Alternative phylogeny of Squamata after Evans & Barbadillo, 1998
Alternative phylogeny of Squamata after Lee, 2000
Alternative molecular phylogeny of (Recent) Squamata after Vidal & Hedges, 2005
<==o Squamata Oppel, 1811 [non Merrem, 1820] (suomumatelijat; squamates) |--o †Bavarisauridae sensu Evans & Barbadillo, 1998 [have been treated as basal Gekkotans] | |-- †Bavarisaurus U. Jur. Eu. | `-- †Palaeolacerta U. Jur. Eu. `--+-- †Scandensia ciervensis Evans & Barbadillo, 1998 |--o †Eichstaettisauridae Kuhn, 1958 sensu Alifanov, 2000 [phylogenetic position after Evans & Barbadillo, 1998, has been treated as basal Scincomorphs] | |-- †Eichstaettisaurus U. Jur. Eu. [Broilisaurus Kuhn, 1938] | `-- †Globaura venusta Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1988, U. Cret., EAs. `--+-- †Ardeosaurus brevipes [Eichstattosaurus] U. Jur. Eu. [Ardeosauridae] `--o “Neosquamata” [last common ancestor of all modern squamates] |-- Iguania Cope, 1864 (iguaanimaiset liskot; Iguania-like lizards) `--o Scleroglossa sensu Estes, 1988 |?- Pythonomorpha Cope, 1869 sensu Caldwell, 1999 (snakes & sealizards; käärmeet & meriliskot) [for more common position see Platynota] `--o Scleroglossa sensu Rieppel, 1996 |?- †Eolacerta robusta Nöth, 1940 [Iguanosaurus haupti Kuhn, 1944; Iguanosauriscus haupti Kuhn, 1958; Eolacerta robusta Estes, 1983] [problematic, see Anguimorpha or Lacertidae for alternative positions] |?-o †Carusiidae Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 [Carolinidae Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985, Carusioidea Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 sensu Gao & Norell, 1998] [are scincomorps? (Alifanov, 2000) or anguimorphs? (Evans & Wang, 2005)] | |?- †Dalinghosaurus longidigitus Ji, 1998; L.Cret. EAs. | |-- †Carusia intermedia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 [Carolina intermedia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985 non Thompson, 1880] | `-- †Shinisauroides latipalatum Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985 `--o Autarchoglossa [last common ancestor of Scincus & Varanus] |-- Anguimorpha Fürbringer, 1900 [all autarchoglossans closer to Varanus & Anguis than Scincus] `--o Scincogekkonomorpha |?- †Yabeinosaurus Endo & Shikama, 1942 [incl.? Jeholacerta Ji & Ren, 1999] L.Cret. EAs. ?U. Jur. SAs. [paraphyletic Ardeosauridae] |-- Scincomorpha Camp, 1923 (Scincus-like lizards; skinkkimäiset liskot) `--o Nyctisauria sensu Lee, 2000 |-- Amphisbaenia Gray, 1844 [Annulata] (wormlizards; matoliskot) `--+-- Didamidae [2/15] `-- Gekkota Cuvier, 1817 sensu stricto [Nyctisauria] (Gecko-like lizards; gekkomaiset liskot)
Squamata incertae sedis:
†Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus Reynoso, 1998
†“Conicodontosaurus” Gilmore, 1943
†C. djadocbtaensis
†C. kanhsienensis
†C. qinlingensis Li, Xue & Liu, 2004
Reference(s):
- Alifanov, V. R., 2000: The fossil record of Cretaceous lizards from Mongolia. 368-389
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Caldwell, M. W., 1999: Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of Coniasaurus Owen, 1850.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #3, pp. 438 - 455 - Caldwell, M. W., 1999: Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society; Vol. 125, pp. 115-147 - Caldwell, M. W. & Cooper, J. A. 2000: Redescription, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of Coniasaurus grassidens Owen, 1850 (Squamata) from the Lower Chalk (Cretaceous; Cenomanian) of SE England.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 127, #4, pp. 423-452. - Caldwell, M. W. & Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East.
–Nature: Vol. 386, 17 April, pp. 705-709 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Evans, S. E. & Barbadillo, L. J., 1997: Early Cretaceous lizards from Las Hoyas, Spain.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 119, #1, pp. 23-49. - Evans, S. E. & Barbadillo, L. J., 1998: An unusual lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 124, pp. 235-265 - Evans, S. E. & Wang, Y., 2005: The Early Cretaceous lizard Dalinghosaurus from China.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 50, #4, pp. 725-742 - Lee, M. S. Y., 2000: Soft anatomy, diffuse homoplasy, and the relationships of lizards and snakes.
–Zoologica Scripta: Vol. 29, #1, pp. 101-130 - Li, Y.-X., Xue, X.-X. & Liu, H.-J., 2004: Fossil lizards of Quiling Mountains.
–Vertebrata PalAsiatica: Vol. 42, #2, pp. 171-176 - Müller, J., 2001: Osteology and relationships of Eolacerta robusta, a lizard from the Middle Eocene of Germany (Reptilia, Squamata).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 261-278 - Rieppel, O. 1994: The Lepidosauromorpha: an overview with special emphasis on the Squamata. 23-37.
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York. 1994, - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R.,
1995-2000: The TIGR Reptile Database
[former “EMBL Reptile Database”.].
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/