After Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988, Rieppell, 1994, Evans & Barbadillo, 1998, and Caldwell, 1999
Alternative molecular phylogeny of (Recent) Squamata after Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Alternative phylogeny of Squamata after Lee, 2000
Alternative phylogeny of Squamata after Evans & Barbadillo, 1998
Alternative phylogeny of Squamata after Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988
<==o Squamata Oppel, 1811 [non Merrem, 1820] (suomumatelijat; squamates) |?- †Megachirella wachtleri Renesto & Posenato, 2003; M.Trias. SEu. |--o †Bavarisauridae sensu Evans & Barbadillo, 1998 [have been treated as basal Gekkotans] | |-- †Bavarisaurus macrodactylus Hoffstetter, 1953; U.Jur. CEu. | `-- †Palaeolacerta bavarica Cocude-Michel, 1961; U.Jur. CEu. `--+-- †Scandensia ciervensis Evans & Barbadillo, 1998 |--o †Eichstaettisauridae Kuhn, 1958 sensu Alifanov, 2000 [phylogenetic position after Evans & Barbadillo, 1998, has been treated as basal Scincomorphs] | |--o †Eichstaettisaurus Kuhn, 1958; U.Jur. Eu. [Broilisaurus Hoffstetter, 1953] | | |-- †E. schroederi (Broili, 1938) Hoffstetter, 1964 [Ardeosaurus schroederi Broili, 1938; Broilisaurus schroederi Hoffstetter, 1953] | | `-- †E. gouldi Evans et al., 2004 | `-- †Globaura venusta Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1988; U.Cret. EAs. `--+--o †Ardeosaurus von Meyer, 1860 [Eichstattisaurus] U.Jur. Eu. [Ardeosauridae Camp, 1923] | |-- †A. brevipes von Meyer, 1860 | `-- †A. digitatellus (Grier, 1914) Hoffstetter, 1964 [Homeosaurus digitatellus Grier, 1914; Eichstaettisaurus digitatellus Cocude-Michel, 1963] `--o “Neosquamata” [last common ancestor of all modern squamates] |?- †Jucaraseps grandipes Bolet & Evans, 2012, L.Jur. SWEu. |-- Iguania Cuvier, 1817 [non? Cope, 1864] (iguaanimaiset liskot; Iguania-like lizards) | |-- Pleurodonta Cope, 1864 sensu Conrad & Norell, 2007 | `-- Acrodonta Cope, 1864 sensu Alifanov, 2000, Zonneveld, Gunnell & Bartels, 2000, and Evans, Prasad & Manhas, 2002 (agamat ja kameleontit; agamas & chamaeleonids) `--o Scleroglossa Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988 sensu Estes, 1988 |?-o Pythonomorpha Cope, 1869 sensu Caldwell, 1999 (snakes & sealizards; käärmeet & meriliskot) [for more common position see Platynota] | |== †Mosasauroidea Camp, 1923 | `-- Ophidia Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Lee & Caldwell, 2000; Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich, 2015 [Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 sensu lato] (snakes; käärmeet) `--o Scleroglossa sensu Rieppel, 1996 |?- †Eolacerta robusta Nöth, 1940 [Iguanosaurus haupti Kuhn, 1944; Iguanosauriscus haupti Kuhn, 1958; Eolacerta robusta Estes, 1983] [problematic, see Anguimorpha or Lacertidae for alternative positions] |?-o †Carusiidae Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 [Carolinidae Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985, Carusioidea Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 sensu Gao & Norell, 1998] [are scincomorps? (Alifanov, 2000) or anguimorphs? (Evans & Wang, 2005)] | |?- †Dalinghosaurus longidigitus Ji, 1998; L.Cret. EAs. | |-- †Carusia intermedia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1987 [Carolina intermedia Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985 non Thompson, 1880] | `-- †Shinisauroides latipalatum Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1985 `--o Autarchoglossa Wagler, 1830 [last common ancestor of Scincus & Varanus] |--o Anguimorpha Fürbringer, 1900 [all autarchoglossans closer to Varanus & Anguis than Scincus] | |-- Anguoidea Gray, 1825 [Anguioidea Fitzinger 1826] (vaskitsansukuiset liskot) | `-- Platynota Camp, 1923 (varaanintapaiset liskot; Varanus-like lizards) `--o Scincogekkonomorpha |?- †Yabeinosaurus tenuis Endo & Shikama, 1942 [incl.? Jeholacerta formosa Ji & Ren, 1999] L.Cret. EAs. ?U. Jur. SAs. [paraphyletic Ardeosauridae] |--o Scincomorpha Camp, 1923 (Scincus-like lizards; skinkkimäiset liskot) | |== †Paramacellodidae Estes, 1983 [a paraphyletic form-family?] | |-- Scincoidea Oppel, 1811 (skink-related lizards; skinkinsukuiset liskot) | `--o Lacertoidea Camp, 1923 (sisiliskonsukuiset liskot) | |-- Xantusiomorpha | `--o Lacertiformes Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988 (sisiliskomaiset liskot) | |-- Lacertidae Bonaparte, 1831 [non? Gray, 1827] (sisiliskot) | `--+-- Teiioidea Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988 (Teju-like lisards; teijunsukuiset liskot) | `-- †Boreoteiioidea Nydam, Eaton & Sankey, 2007 `--o Nyctisauria sensu Lee, 2000 |-- Amphisbaenia Gray, 1844 [Annulata] (wormlizards; matoliskot) `--+-- Didamidae `-- Gekkota Cuvier, 1817 sensu stricto [Nyctisauria] (Gecko-like lizards; gekkomaiset liskot)
Squamata incertae sedis:
†Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus Reynoso, 1998 †Conicodontosaurus Gilmore, 1943 †C. djadocbtaensis Gilmore, 1943 †C. kanhsienensis Young, 1973 †C. qinlingensis Li, Xue & Liu, 2004
After Simões et al., 2018, and<==o Squamata |-- †Megachirella `--+--+-- †Marmoretta | `-- †Huehuecuetzpalli `--+--+-- †Eichstaettisaurus | `--+-- †Gobekko | `-- Gekkota `--+-- †Paramacellodus |-- †Ardeosaurus |--o Scincomorpha | |-- Xantusiidae | `--+-- Cordylidae | `-- Scincidae `--+--o Lacertiformes | |--+-- Lacertidae | | `-- Amphisbaenia | `--+-- †Globaura | |--+-- †Tepexisaurus | | `-- †Slavoia | `--+-- †Meyasaurus | `--+-- †Dalinghosaurus | `--+--+-- †Gobinatus | | `-- †Gilmoreteius | `-- Teiioidea `--+--o Pythonomorpha | |-- †Mosasauroidea | `--+--+-- †Najash | | `-- †pachyrhachis | `--+-- †Dinilysia | `-- Serpentes `--+-- Anguimorpha `--o Iguania |-- Iguanidae `--+-- †Pleurodontagama `--+-- †Priscagama `-- Acrodonta Reference(s):
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After Pyron, Burbrink & Wiens, 2013<==o Squamata |-- Dibamidae `--+--o Gekkota | |--+-- Diplodactylidae | | `--+-- Carphodactylidae | | `-- Pygopodidae | `--+-- Eublepharidae | `--+-- Sphaerodactylidae | `--+-- Phyllodactylidae | `-- Gekkonidae `--+--o Scincoidea | |-- Scincidae | `--+-- Xantusiidae | `--+-- Gerrhosauridae | `-- Cordylidae `--o Episquamata |--o Lacertoidea | |--o Teiioidea | | |-- Gymnophthalmidae | | `-- Teiidae | `--+-- Lacertidae | `--o Amphisbaenia | |-- Bipedidae | `--+-- Blanidae | `--+-- Cadeidae | `--+-- Trogonophiidae | `-- Amphisbaenidae `--o Toxicofera |-- Serpentes `--+--o Anguimorpha | |--+-- Shinisauridae | | `--+-- Lanthanotidae | | `-- Varanidae | `--+-- Xenosauridae | `--+-- Helodermatidae | `--+-- Anniellidae | `-- Anguidae `--o Iguania |--o Acrodonta | |-- Agamidae | `-- Chamaeleonidae `--+-- Tropiduridae `--+-- Iguanidae `--+-- Leiocephalidae `--+--+-- Crotaphytidae | `-- Phrynosomatidae `--+--+-- Polychrotidae | `-- Hoplocercidae `--+--+-- Cotytophanidae | `-- Dactyloidae `--+-- Liolaemidae `--+-- Opluridae `-- Leiosauridae Reference(s):
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After Hutchinson, Skinner & Lee, 2012<==o Squamata |-- Dibamidae `--+-- Gekkota `--+-- Scincomorpha `--+--+--+-- Gymnophthalmidae | | `-- Teiidae | `--+-- Lacertidae | `--+-- †Polyglyphanodon | `--+-- †Macrocephalosaurus | `--+-- †Sineoamphisbaena | `-- Amphisbaenia `--+-- Iguania `--+-- Serpentes `--+--+-- Lanthanotidae | `-- Varanidae `--+-- Shinisauridae `--+-- Xenosauridae `--+-- Anguidae `-- Helodermatidae Reference(s):
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Conrad, 2008<==o Squamata |-- †Huehuecuetzpalli |--o Iguanomorpha | |-- †Hoyalacerta | `-- Iguania `--o Scincogekkonomorpha |-- †Ardeosaurus |-- †Bavarisaurus `--+-- †Eichstaettisaurus `--+-- †Scandensia |-- Gekkonomorpha `--o Evansauria |-- †Tepexisaurus `--+--+-- †Globaura | `--+-- †Bainguis | `--+-- †Myrmecodaptria | `-- †Eoxanta `--+-- †Parmeosaurus `--o Autarchoglossa |--o Scincomorpha | |--o Scincoidea | | |-- †Slavoia | | `--o Scinciformes | | |-- Scincidae | | `--+-- Scelotidae | | `--o Scincophidia | | |-- Feyliniidae | | `--+-- Acontidae | | `--+-- Didamidae | | `--+-- Amphisbaenia | | `-- Serpentes | `--+--o Cordyloidea | | |-- †Ornatocephalus | | |-- †Sakurasaurus | | `--o Cordyliformes | | |-- Cordylidae | | `-- Gerrhosauridae | `--o Lacertoidea | |-- Xantusiidae | `--o Lacertiformes | |-- †Chamops | |-- Lacertidae | `--+-- Gymnophthalmidae | `--+-- Teiidae | `-- †Polyglyphanodontidae `--o Anguimorpha |-- †Pseudosaurillus sp. `--+-- †Paramacellodus `--+-- †Becklesius `--+-- †Yabeinosaurus |--+-- †Eolacerta | `--+-- †Meyasaurus | `-- †Pseudosaurillus becklesi |--+-- Anguidae | `--o Carusioidea | |-- †Carusia | `-- Xenosauridae `--o Platynota |-- †Dorsetisaurus `--+--o Shinisauria | |-- †Dalinghosaurus | `-- Shinisauridae `--o Varanoidea |-- †Parasaniwa `--+-- †Parviderma `--+-- †Colpodontosaurus |--o Monstersauria | `-- Helodermatidae |--o Goannasauria Varanidae | `--o Varaniformes | `-- Varanidae `--o †Mosasauriformes `--o †Mosasauria `-- †Mosasauroidea Reference(s):
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After Vidal & Hedges, 2005<==o Squamata |--o Dibamia Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | `-- Dibamidae `--o Bifurcata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 |-- Gekkota `--o Unidentata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 |--o Scinciformata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | |-- Scincidae | `--+-- Cordylidae | `-- Xantusiidae `--o Episquamata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 |--o Laterata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | |--o Teiformata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | | `--o Teiioidea | | |-- Teiidae | | `-- Gymnophthalmidae | `--o Lacertibaenia Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | |--o Lacertiformata Vidal & Hedges, 2005 | | `-- Lacertidae | `--o Amphisbaenia | |-- Rhineuridae | `--+-- Bipedidae | `--+-- Trogonophidae | `-- Amphisbaenidae `--o Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005 |-- Serpentes `--+--o Iguania | |-- Leiocephalus | `-- Iguaninae `--o Anguimorpha |-- Varanidae `--+-- Helodermatidae `-- Anguidae Reference(s):
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After Lee, 2000<==o Squamata |-- †Scandensia `--+--o †Ardeosauridae | `-- †Ardeosaurus `--o “Neosquamata” |-- Iguania `--o Scleroglossa sensu Estes, 1988 |?- Pythonomorpha `--o Scleroglossa |--o Nyctisauria | |-- Xantusiidae | `--+-- Gekkota | `--o Annulata | |?- †Sineoamphisbaena | `--+-- Didamidae | `-- Amphisbaenia `--+-- Lacertoidea `--o Diploglossa |-- Scincidae |-- Cordylidae `-- Anguimorpha Reference(s):
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After Evans & Barbadillo, 1998<==o Squamata |--o †Bavarisauridae | |-- †Bavarisaurus | `-- †Palaeolacerta `--+-- †Scandensia |--o †Eichstaettisauridae | |-- †Eichstaettisaurus | `-- †Globaura `--+--o †Ardeosauridae | `-- †Ardeosaurus `--o “Neosquamata” |-- Iguania `--o Scleroglossa |?- †Eolacerta |?-o †Carusiidae | |-- †Carusia | `-- †Shinisauroides `--o Autarchoglossa |--o Anguimorpha | |-- Xenosauridae | `--+-- Anguidae | `--+--+-- Helodermatidae | | `-- Varanidae | `--+-- Gekkota | `--+-- Serpentes | `--+-- Didamidae | `-- Amphisbaenia `--o Scincomorpha |?- †Yabeinosaurus |--+-- †Meyasaurus | `--+-- Gymnophthalmidae | `-- Teiidae `--+-- Lacertidae `--+-- Xantusiidae `--+-- †Paramacellodus `--+-- Scincidae `--o Cordyliformes |-- Cordylidae `-- Gerrhosauridae Reference(s):
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After Rieppell, 1994, and Caldwell, 1999<==o Squamata |--o †Bavarisauridae | |-- †Bavarisaurus | `-- †Palaeolacerta `--+-- †Scandensia |--o †Eichstaettisauridae | |-- †Eichstaettisaurus | `-- †Globaura `--+-- †Ardeosaurus `--o “Neosquamata” |-- Iguania `--o Scleroglossa |?- Pythonomorpha sensu Caldwell, 1999 `--o Scleroglossa sensu Rieppel, 1996 |?- †Eolacerta |?-o †Carusiidae | |?- †Dalinghosaurus | |-- †Carusia | `-- †Shinisauroides `--o Autarchoglossa |-- Anguimorpha `--o Scincogekkonomorpha |?- †Yabeinosaurus |-- Scincomorpha `--o Nyctisauria sensu Lee, 2000 |-- Amphisbaenia `--+-- Didamidae `-- Gekkota Reference(s):
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After Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier, 1988<==o Squamata |--o Iguania | |-- Iguanidae | `--o Acrodonta | |-- Agamidae | `-- Chamaeleontidae `--o Scleroglossa |--o Gekkota | |-- Pygopodidae | `-- Gekkonidae |?- Didamidae |?- Amphisbaenia |?- Serpentes `--o Autarchoglossa |--o Scincomorpha | |--o Scincoidea | | |-- Cordylidae | | `-- Scincidae | `--o Lacertoidea | |-- Xantusiidae | `--o Lacertiformes | |-- Lacertidae | `--o Teiioidea | |-- Gymnophthalmidae | `-- Teiidae `--o Anguimorpha |-- Anguidae |-- Xenosauridae `--o Varanoidea |-- Helodermatidae `--+-- Lanthanotus `-- Varanus Reference(s):
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Reference(s):
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