After Caldwell & Lee, 1997, Zaher, 1998, Scanlon, & Lee, 2000 and Zaher & Rieppel, 2002
Alternative phylogeny of basal snakes after Zaher, 1998, Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn, & Jacobs, 2000, Zaher & Rieppel, 2002 and Rieppel, Kluge & Zaher, 2002
<==o Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 [Ophidia sensu Lee & Caldwell, 2000] (snakes; käärmeet) |?- †Najash rionegrina Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006 |?-o †Pachyophiidae sensu Caldwell & Lee, 1997 [Pachyrhachidae] | |-- †Pachyophis woodwardi Nopsca, 1923 | |-- †Eupodophis descouensi (Rage & Escuiillié, 2000) Rage & Escuillié, 2002 [Podophis descouensi Rage & Escuiillié, 2000] | |-- †Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, 1979?, 1980? [Ophiomorphus colberti, Estesius colberti] | `-- †Haasiophis terrasanctus (Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000) Polcyn, Tchernov & Jacobs, 2003 [Haasia Polcyn, Tchernov & Jacobs, 1999; non Haasia Bollman, 1893 (Myriapoda) nor Haasia Yuan, 1988 (Trilobita)] `--o Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Lee & Caldwell, 2000 |?-o †Coniophis | |-- †C. cosgriffi | |-- †C. precedens | |-- †C. carinatus | |-- †C. platycarinatus | `-- †C. dabeidus |?- †Palaeophidae Lydekker, 1888 |?- †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter, 1961 sensu Scanlon & Lee, 2000 `--+?-o Scolecophidia Duméril & Bibron, 1844 (sokkokäärmeet) | |-- Leptotyphlopidae (matokäärmeet) [2/93] | `--+-- Typhlopidae (sokkokäärmeet) | `-- Anomalepididae `--+?- †Dinilysia patagonica Smith-Woodward, 1901 sensu Zaher, 1998 [Dinilysiidae McDowell, 1987] `--o Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923 |--o Lapparentophidae | |?- †Lapparentopheidae genera et species indet. 1 [Sudan] | |?- †Lapparentopheidae genera et species indet. 2 [Sudan] | |?- †Pouitella pervetus | `-- †Lapparentophis defrennei `--+-- †Simoliophis sauvagei [Simoliophidae] |-- Anilioidea (telakäärmeensukuiset) `-- Macrostomata
Serpentes incertae sedis:
Many of these are probably madtsoniids or booids.
†Ophidium
†Mesophis
†Albaneryx
†Cadurceryx
†Cadurcoboa
†Daunoplis
†Dawsonophis
†Dunnophis
†Helagras prisciformis
†Lithopbis
†Paleopython
†Paleryx
†Plesiotortrix
†Pterygoboa
†Tregophis
Reference(s):
- Apesteguáa, S. & Zaher, H., 2006: A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum.
–Nature: Vol. 440, pp. 1037-1040 - Caldwell, M. W. & Albino, A., 2002: Exceptionally preserved skeletons of the Cretaceous snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #4, pp. 861-866 - Caldwell, M. W. & Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East.
–Nature: Vol. 386, 17 April, pp. 705-709 - Holman, J. A. 1982: Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the Early Eocene of Mississippi.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #2,, pp. 163-166 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - Parmley, D. & Case, G. R., 1988: Palaeopheid snakes from the Gulf coastal region of North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 8, #3, pp. 334-339 - Rage, J. C. & Werner, C., 1999: Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage.
–Palaeontologia Africana: Vol. 35, pp. 85-110 - Rieppel, O. C., Kluge, A. G. & Zaher, H., 2002: Testing the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleistocene snake Wonambi naracoortensis Smith.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #4, pp. 812-829 - Scanlon, J. D., & Lee, M. S. Y., 2000: The pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes.
–Nature: Vol. 403, 27 January, pp. 416-420 - Tchernov, E., Rieppel, O., Zaher, H., Polcyn, M., J., & Jacobs, L., L., 2000: A fossil snake with limbs.
–Science: Vol. 287, 17 March, pp. 2010-2012 - Uetz, P., Etzold, T. & Chenna, R., 1995-2000: The TIGR Reptile Database
[former EMBL Reptile Database]
–iNet: http://www.reptile-database.org/ - Welch, K. R. G., 1995: Snakes of the World, a checklist, Vol 2: Boas, pythons, shieldtails and worm snakes.
–R & A Research and Information Ltd., KCM Books. 1-91 - Westgate, J. W. & Ward, J. F. 1981: The giant aquatic snake Pterosphenus schuberti (Palaeophidae) in Arkansas and Missisippi.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 1, #2, pp. 161-164. - Zaher, H. 1998: The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis
within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria).
–Journal or Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #1, pp. 1-3 - Zaher, H. & Rieppel, O. C., 2002: On the phylogenetic relationships of the Cretaceous snakes with legs, with special reference to Pachyrachis problematicus (Squamata, Serpentes).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 104-109