After Chiappe, Ji, Ji & Norell, 1999, Clarke & Norell, 2002, Chiappe, 2002b, and Zhou & Zhang, 2005
<==o Ornithuromorpha Haeckel, 1866 sensu Chiappe et al., 1999 [Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 non Chiappe, 1991 sensu Feduccia 1997, Zhou & Zhang, 2005; Euornithes sensu Sereno, 2005] |?- †Chaoyangia beishanensis Hou & Zhang, 1993 [Chaoyangiaformes: Chaoyangidae:] |?- †Songlingornis linghensis Hou, 1996 [Chaoyangiaformes: Songlingornithidae:] |-- †Hongshanornis longicresta Zhou & Zhang, 2005 `--+--+-- †Liaoningornis longiditrus Hou, 1997 [Liaoningornithiformes: Liaoningornithidae:] | `--+-- †Yixianornis grabaui Zhou & Zhang, 2001 [Chaoyangiaformes:] | `--o †Yanornis Zhou & Zhang, 2001 [Yanornithiformes: Yanornithidae:] | |-- †Y. martini Zhou & Zhang, 2001 | `-- †Y. chaoyangensis `--+?- †Gargantuavis philoinos Buffetaut & Le Loeuff, 1998 |-- †Patagopteryx deferrariisi Alvarenga & Bonaparte, 1992 [Patagopterygiformes] |-- †Vorona berivotrensis Forster, Chiappe, Krause, & Sampson, 1996 sensu Clarke & Norell, 2002 and Chiappe, 2002 `--o Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 non Chiappe, 1991 sensu Clarke & Norell, 2002 |-- †Apsaravis ukhaana Norell & Clarke, 2001 `--o Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866 non Chiappe, 1991 sensu Padian & Chiappe 1998 |?- †Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht, 1929 |-- †Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888 [Odontornithes Marsh, 1880, Odontognathe Stejneger, 1885] `--+?- †Gansus yumensis Hou & Liu, 1984 [Gansuiformes] `--o Carinatae |?- †Carinatae genera et species indet. [NHMM/RD 271] ["basal carinate from Belgium"] |--o †Ichthyornithiformes [Ambiortimorphae sensu Feduccia, 1996] | |?- †Holbotia ponomarenkoi Kurochkin, 1982 [nomen nudum] | |?- †Apatornis celer (Marsh, 1873) [Ichthyornis celer Marsh, 1873] [Apatornithiformes] | |--o †Ambiortidae Kurochkin, 1982 | | |-- †Ambiortus dementjevi Kurochkin, 1982 [Ambiortiformes Kurochkin, 1982] | | `-- †Otogornis genghisi Hou, 1994 | `--o †Ichthyornis Marsh, 1880 [1872??] [Colonosaurus Marsh, 1872; Plegadornis Wetmore, 1962; Angelinornis Kashin, 1972] [Ichthyornithiformes] | |-- †I. sp.A [Tokaryk, Cumbaa & Storer, 1997] [Late Cretaceous, Pasquia Hills, Saskatchevan] | |-- †I. sp.B [Tokaryk, Cumbaa & Storer, 1997] [Late Cretaceous, Pasquia Hills, Saskatchevan] | |-- †I. dispar Marsh, 1880 [1872??] [I. victor] | `-- †I. antecessor Marsh, 1880 [1872??] `--+-- †Limenavis patagonica Clarke & Chiappe, 2001 |?- †Piksi barbarulna Varricchio, 2002 `-- Neornithes Gadow, 1893 [Aves sensu stricto (Gauthier 1986)] (modern birds; nykylinnut)
Ornithuromorpha incertae sedis:
†Limnornithiformes
†Eurolimnornithidae
†Eurolimnornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1986 [Limnornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1984, non Limnornis Gould, 1839]
†Palaeocursornithiformes
†Cursornithidae
†Palaeocursornis Kessler & Jurczak, 1986 [nomen dubium]
Note:
Verricchio's (2002) tentative analysis places Piksi barbarulna close to galliform-tinamiforms, thus I place it as a tentative sistergroup to Neornithes. Current phylogeny and composition of Ornithuromorpha is also tentative. This is mainly caused by the fragmentary and poor quality of their fossils. One can say that many of these species are based such a fossils that they are practically nomina dubina -forms
Reference(s):
- Chiappe, L. M., 2002a: Osteology of the flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). 281-316.
in Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M., (eds.), 2002: Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaurs.
–University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2002, xii-520 - Chiappe, L. M., 2002b: Basal Bird Phylogeny: Problems and Solutions. 448-472.
in Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M., (eds.), 2002: Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaurs.
–University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2002, xii-520 - Chiappe, L. M., Ji, S., Ji, Q. & Norell, M. A., 1999: Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of Northeastern China.
–Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History: n:o 242, 1-89 - Clarke, J. A. & Chiappe, L. M., 2001: A new carinate brid from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina).
–American Museum Novitates: #3323, pp. 1-23 - Clarke, J. A. & Norell, M. A., 2002: The morphology and phylogenetic position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia.
–American Museum Novitates: #3387, pp. 1-46 - Creisler, B. & Poling, J., 2002-: Aves Translation and Pronunciation Guide.
–iNet: www.dinosauria.com: http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/aves.htm - Dyke, G. J., Dortangs, R. W., Jagt, J. W. M., Mulder, E. W. A., Schulp, A. S. & Chiappe, L. M., 2002: Europe's last Mesozoic bird.
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. 89, #8, pp. 4008-4411 - Feduccia, A. 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Forster, C. A., Chiappe, L. M., Krause, D. W. & Sampson, S. D., 2002: Vorona berivotrensis, a Primitive Bird from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. 268-280.
in Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M., (eds.), 2002: Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaurs.
–University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2002, xii-520 - Keesey, T. M., 1996-2000: The Dinosauricon
–iNet: http://dinosauricon.com/ - Kurochkin, E. N., 2000: Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR. 533-559
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Norell, M. A. & Clarke, J. A., 2001: Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution.
–Nature: Vol. 409, 11 January, pp. 181-184 - Tokaryk, T. T., Cumbaa, S. L. & Storer, J. E., 1997: Early Late Cretaceous birds from the Saskatchewan, Canada: The Oldest diverse avifauna known from North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #1, pp. 172-176 - Tyrberg, T., 2001: Personal correspondence.
- Varricchio, D. D., 2002: A new bird from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 39, #1, pp. 19-26 - Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F., 2005: Discovery of an ornithurine bird and its implication for Early Cretaceous avian radiation.
–Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS): Vol. 102, #52, pp. 18998-19002