After Welsh, 2002, Bertelli & Giannini, 2005, Ksepka & Clarke, 2010, and Clarke, Ksepka, Salas-Gismondi, Altamirano, Shawkey, D'Alba, Vinther, DeVries & Baby, 2010 (fig. S10), with fossil species from Olson, 1985, and Feduccia, 1980, 1996, and Recent species from Sibley & Monroe, 1990, and Peterson, 2002-2004, and Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Sphenisciformes Sharpe, 1891 (penguins; pingviinilinnut) `==o †Palaeeudyptinae |--o †Waimanu Jones, Ando & Fordyce, in Slack, Jones, Ando, Harrison, Fordyce, Arnason & Penny, 2006; L.Pal., NZ. | |-- †W. manneringi Jones, Ando & Fordyce, in Slack, Jones, Ando, Harrison, Fordyce, Arnason & Penny, 2006 | `-- †W. tuatahi Jones, Ando & Fordyce, in Slack, Jones, Ando, Harrison, Fordyce, Arnason & Penny, 2006 `--+--o †Delphinornis Wiman, 1905 [Notodyptes Marples, 1953; Palaeospheniscus in partim] | |-- †D. larseni [D. larsenii] | |-- †D. gracilis [=? Palaeospheniscus gracilis] | `--+-- †D. arctowskii | `-- †D. wimani (Marples, 1953) Ksepka & Clarke, 2010 [Notodyptes wimani Marples, 1953; Archaeospheniscus wimani Simpson, 1971a; Palaeospheniscus wimani] `--+-- †Marambiornis exilis |-- †Mesetaornis polaris `--+-- †Perudyptes devriesi Clarke et al., 2007 `--+--o †Anthropornis | |-- †A. sp. [UCMP 321023] | |-- †A. nordenskjoeldii | `-- †A. grandis `--+--+-- †Inkayaca paracasensis Clarke, Ksepka, Salas-Gismondi, Altamirano, Shawkey, D'Alba, Vinther, DeVries & Baby, 2010 | |-- Burnside “Palaeeudyptes” | |-- †“Palaeeudyptes” klekowskii | `-- †“Palaeeudyptes” gunnari `--+-- †Icadyptes salasi |-- †Pachydyptes ponderosus `--+-- Duntroon “Palaeeudyptes” `--+-- †Duntroonornis parvus |-- †Archaeospheniscus lowei |-- †Archaeospheniscus lopdelli `--+--o †Paraptenodytes | |?- †P. brodkorbi | |?- †P. robustus | `-- †P. antarcticus [=? Palaeeudyptes antarcticus] `--+--o †Platydyptes | |-- †P. marplesi [=? Palaeeudyptes marplesi] | |-- †P. novaezealandiae | `-- †P. amiesi `--+--+-- †Eretiscus tonnii | |-- †Palaeospheniscus patagonicus | |?- †Palaeospheniscus gracilis [=? Delphinornis gracilis] | |-- †Palaeospheniscus bergi | `-- †Palaeospheniscus biloculata `--+-- †Dege hendeyi |-- †Marplesornis novaezealandiae `--o Spheniscidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Modern penguins; nykypingviinit) |--o Aptenodytes J.F. Miller, 1778 (kuningaspingviinit) | |-- A. patagonicus J.F. Miller, 1778 (King Penguin; kuningaspingviini) | `-- A. forsteri G.R. Gray, 1844 (Emperor Penguin; keisaripingviini) `--+?- †Pygoscelis calderensis |?- †Pygoscelis tyreei Simpson, 1972 |-- †Pygoscelis grandis |--o Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832 (mustapääpingviinit) | |-- P. antarcticus (J.R. Forster, 1781) [P. antarctica] (myssypingviini) | `--+-- P. papua (J.R. Forster, 1781) (valkokulmapingviini) | `-- P. adeliae (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) (jääpingviini) `--+--+--o Eudyptula minor (J.R. Forster, 1781) Bonaparte, 1856 (sinipingviini) | | |-- E. m. minor (sinipingviini) | | `-- E. m. albosignata (liuskepingviini) | `--o Spheniscus Brisson, 1760 (silmälasipingviinit) | |-- †S. muizoni Göhlich, 2007 | |-- †S. chilensis | |-- †S. megaramphus | |-- †S. urbinai | |--+-- S. demersus (Linnaeus, 1758) (afrikanpingviini) | | `-- S. magellanicus (J.R. Forster, 1781) (patagonianpingviini) | `--+-- S. humboldti Meyen, 1834 (perunpingviini) | `-- S. mendiculus Sundevall, 1871 (galapagosinpingviini) `--+-- Megadyptes antipodes (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) Milne-Edwards, 1880 (keltasilmäpinviini, hoiho) `--+-- †Madrynornis mirandus Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007 `--o Eudyptes Vieillot, 1816 (töyhtöpingviinit) |?- †E. sp. [<Chatham Islands>] |--+-- E. moseleyi [E. chrysocome moseleyi] (moseley's penguin) | `--+-- E. filholi Huttom, 1879 (Eastern Rockhopper Penguin) | `-- E. chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781) (rockhopper penguin; kalliotöyhtöpingviini) `--+--+-- E. chrysolophus (Brandt, 1837) (kultatöyhtöpingviini) | `-- E. schlegeli Finsch, 1876 (töyhtöpingviini) `--+-- E. sclateri Buller, 1888 (pystötöyhtöpingviini) `--+-- E. robustus Oliver, 1953 (snaressaartenpingviini) `-- E. pachyrhynchus G.R. Gray, 1845 (vuonopingviini)
Sphenisciformes incertae sedis:
Some are taxa not treated by Ksepka & Clarke, 2010, or Clarke et al., 2010
†Anthropodyptes gilli
†Arthrodytes
†“A.” andrewsi
†A. grandis [=? Anthropornis grandis]
†A. ridgeni
†Chubutodyptes biloculata
†Inguza predemersus (Simpson) Simpson, 1975 [Spheniscus predemersus]
†Korora oliveri
†Nucleornis Simpson 1979
†“Pachydyptes” sipsoni Jenkins, 1974 [Anthropornis nordenskjoeldii Jenkins, 1978] [SAMA P14157]
†Palaeeudyptes Huxley, 1859 [polyphyletic]
†P. sp.1 [Australia]
†P. sp.2 [New Zealand]
†P. marplesi [=? Platydyptes marplesi]
†P. antarcticus Huxley, 1859
†Pseudaptenodytes
†P. minor
†P. macraei
†Wimantornis seymourensis
Reference(s):
- Bertelli, S. & Giannini, N. P., 2005: A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences.
–Cladistics: Vol. 21, pp. 209-239 - Clarke, J. A., Ksepka, D. T., Salas-Gismondi, R., Altamirano, A. J., Shawkey, M. D., D'Alba, L., Vinther, J., DeVries, T. J. & Baby, P., 2010: Fossil evidence for evolution of the shape and color of penguin feathers.
–Sciencexpress: pp. 1-5 (supplement 1-39) [doi: 10.1126/science.1193604] - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, Hew Haven, 1996, xii-420 - Ksepka, D. T. & Clarke, J. A., 2010: The basal penguin (Aves. Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes devriesi and a phylogenetic evaluation of the penguin fossil record.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #337, pp. 1-77 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1990:
Otavan lintutieto. 1-440
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990, xxiv-1111. - Slack, K. E., Jones, C. M., Ando, T., Harrison, G. L., Fordyce, R. E., Arnason, U. & Penny, D., 2006: Early Penguin Fossils, plus Mitochondrial Genomes, Calibrate Avian Evolution.
–Molecular Biology and Evolution: Vol. 23, #MBE Advance Access published online on March 13, 2006, pp. [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msj124v1] - Welsh, K., 2002: The Penguin Page – A journey to the bottom of the world.
–iNet: [looking for a current link]