After Mayr, 2002, 2003, 2004ab, 2005ab, Mayr & Clarke, 2003, Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003 (fig. 7), and Bourdon, 2005
<==o Neognathia Huxley, 1867 [Neognathe] (uusleukaiset; neognathous modern birds) |--o Galloanseres | |-- Galliformes (kanalinnut; fowls, chickens) | `--o Odontoanserae Bourdon, 2005 | |-- †Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888 [Odontopterygiformes] | `-- Anseriformes (sorsalinnut; ducks, swans & geese) `--o Neoaves |--o Gruiformes (kurkilinnut; crane-like birds) | |-- Rallidae [Ralli] (rantakanat) | `--+--o Psophia (kyssäkurjet) [Psophidae] | | |-- P. crepitans (kyssäkurki) | | |-- P. leucoptera (perunkyssäkurki) | | `-- P. viridis (brasiliankyssäkurki) | `-- Gruidae [incl. Aramidae] (cranes; kurjet) `--+-- Otididae (bustards; trapit) `--+--+?- Balaenicipitidae sensu Mayr & Clarke, 2003 (Shoebills; kenkänokat) | `--+-- Eurypygoidea (aurinkokurjet) | `-- Ardeiidae (haikarat; herons) `--+--+-- Plataleidae [Threskiornithidae] (iibikset; ibises) | `--+-- Ciconiidae (kattohaikarat; storks) | `--+--o †Juncitarsus | | |-- †J. gracillimus | | `-- †J. merkeli | `--+-- Podicipedidae [Podicipediformes] (grebes; uikkulinnut) | `--o Phoenicopteriformes sensu Olson, 1985, and Feduccia, 1980, 1996 | |-- †Palaeolotidae | `-- Phoenicopteridae (flamingolinnut; flamingoes) `--+--+-- Vulturides [Cathartides] (kondoriensukuiset linnut; new world vultures and related forms) | `--+--o Sagittariidae (secretarybirds; sihteerilinnut) | | |--o †Pelargopappus | | | |-- †P. schlosseri | | | `-- †P. magnus | | `-- Sagittarius serpentarius (sihteeri) | `?-+-- Falconiformes sensu Mayr & Clarke, 2003, and Mayr, 2005b (contra Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003) (päiväpetolinnut; falcons, hawks, eagles, etc.) | `--+--o †Messelasturidae Mayr, 2005b | | |-- †Messelastur gratulator Peters, 1994 | | `-- †Tynskya eocaena Mayr, 2000 | `-- Strigiformes sensu Mayr & Clarke, 2003, and Mayr, 2005b (contra Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003) (pöllölinnut; owls) `--+--+-- Burnithidae (paksujalat; thick-knees) | `-- Charadriiformes (shorebirds; rantalinnut) `--+--+--+-- Scopidae (hammercops; varjohaikarat) | | `--+?- Balaenicipitidae sensu Mayr, 2003 (Shoebills; kenkänokat) | | `-- Steganopodes sensu Mayr, 2003 [paraphyletic Pelecaniformes] (pelikaanilinnut; pelecans, sulas, anhingas and cormorants (shags)) | `--+-- Procellariiformes (ulappalinnut; shearwaters, albatrosses and storm petrels) | `--+-- Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (kuikkalinnut; loons) | `--+-- †Plotopteridae Howard, 1969 | `-- Sphenisciformes (pingviinilinnut; penguins) `--+--+-- Cariamae (käärmekurkimaiset nykylinnut) | `--o Opisthocomidae [Opisthocomiformes] (hoazins; haisulinnut) | |?- †Hoatzi sp. | |-- †Hoazinoides magdalenae Miller, A.H., 1953 | `-- Opisthocomus hoazin (hoazin; töyhtökana, haisulintu) `--+-- Musophagidae [Musophagiformes] (turakot) `--+--+--+-- Leptosomus discolor (kuroli) [Leptosomatidae] | | `-- Podargidae (pöllökehrääjät) [1/3] | `--+-- Steatornithidae (rasvalinnut; oilbirds) | `--o Cypselomorphae Huxley, 1867 sensu Mayr, 2002 | |-- †Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri Mayr, 2005; M.Eoc. CEu. | |-- †Archaeotrogonidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1980 | `--+-- Nyctibiidae | |-- Caprimulgidae | `--o Daedalornithes Sangster, 2005 | |-- Aegothelidae (Australian goatsuckers; australiankehrääjät) | `-- Apodiformes (kirskulinnut; swifts & hummingbirds) `--+--o †Fluvioviridavidae Mayr, 2005a | |-- †Fluvioviridavis platyrhamphus Mayr & Daniels, 2001 | `-- †Eurofluvioviridavis robustipes Mayr, 2005a |?-+-- Strigiformes sensu Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003 (contra Mayr & Clarke, 2003) (pöllölinnut; owls) | `-- Falconiformes sensu Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003 (contra Mayr & Clarke, 2003) (päiväpetolinnut; falcons, hawks, eagles, etc.) `--+--+--+-- Trogonidae [Trogoniformes] (trogons; trogonit) | | `-- Bucerotiformes | `--+--+-- Meropidae (bee-eaters; mehiläissyöjät) | | `-- Motmotidae (momots; momotit) [6/9] | `--+-- Coraciidae [Coraciiformes s.s.] | `-- Alcedinidae [incl. Halcyonidae] (kingfishers; kuningaskalastajat) `--+--+-- Cuculidae [Cuculiformes] (käkilinnut) | `-- Passeriformes (varpuslinnut; songbirds) `--+-- Psittaciformes (papukaijalinnut; parrots) `--+-- Coliiformes (hiirolinnut; mousebirds) `-- Piciformes (tikkalinnut; woodpeckers)
Problematic orders:
"Turnaciformes" (lyhytjalkajuoksijat)
Pteroclididae [Pteroclidiformes] (hietakanat)
Columbidae [incl. Raphidae] [Columbiformes]
†Sandcoleiformes
Reference(s):
- Bourdon, E., 2005: Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes).
–Naturwissenschaften: Vol. advanced online publication, pp. 1-6 - Ericson, P. G. P. 1996: Systematic relationships of the Palaeogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Livezey, B. C. & Zusi, R. L., 2001: Higher-order phylogenetics of modern Aves based on comperative anatomy.
–Netherlands Journal of Zoology: Vol. 51, #2, pp. 179-205 - Mayr, G., 2002: Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies).
–Journal of Ornithology: Vol. 143, pp. 82-97 - Mayr, G., 2003: The phylogenetic affinities of the Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex).
–Journal of Ornithology: Vol. 144, pp. 157-177 - Mayr, G., 2004a: Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 140, pp. 157-169 - Mayr, G., 2004b: New specimens of Hassiavis laticauda (Aves: Cypselomorphae) and Quasisyndactylus longibrachis (Aves: Alcediniformes) from the Middle Eocene of messel, Germany.
–Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenburg: #252, pp. 23-28 - Mayr, G., 2005a: A Fluvioviridavis-like bird from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 42, pp. 2021-2037 - Mayr, G., 2005b: The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the Middle Eocene Messelastur gratulator Peters, 1994 - A morphological link between olws (Strigiformes) and falconiform birds?
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #3, pp. 635-645 - Mayr, G., 2005c: A new cypselomorph bird from the Middle Eocene of Germany and the early diversification of avian aerial insectivores.
–The Condor: Vol. 107, pp. 342-352 - Mayr, G. & Clarke, J. A., 2003: The deep divergences of neornithine birds: a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters.
–Cladistics: Vol. 19, #5, pp. 527-553 - Mayr, G., Manegold, A. & Johansson, U. S., 2003: Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data.
–Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research: Vol. 41, pp. 233-248 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Sangster, G., 2005: A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves).
–Zootaxa: #799, pp. 1-6 - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.