After Livezey & Zusi, 2007, and Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011
Alternative phylogeny after Cracraft, 1988 (from Livezet & Zusi, 2007).
Alternative taxonomy after Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996
Alternative phylogeny after Mayr, 2002, 2003, 2004ab, 2005ab, Mayr & Clarke, 2003, Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003 (fig. 7), and Bourdon, 2005
<==o Neognathia Huxley, 1867 [Neognathae Pycraft, 1900] (uusleukaiset; neognathous modern birds) |--o Galloanserae Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 [Galloanserimorphae (Sibley et al., 1988)] | |-- Galliformes (Temmink, 1820) (landfowl, i.e. chickens, fowls and relatives; kanalinnut) | |?- †Diatrymiformes Shufeldt, 1913 | `-- Anseriformes Wagler, 1831 [incl. †Dromornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888 sensu Murray & Vickers-Rich, 2004] (waterfowls; sorsalinnut) `--o Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988 |--o Natatores Baird, 1858 | |--o Pygopodo-Tubinares Livezey & Zusi, 2007 | | |--o Caviomorphae Livezey & Zusi, 2007 | | | |-- Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (loons; kuikkalinnut) | | | `-- Podicipediformes (Fürbringer, 1888) (grabes; uikkulinnut) | | `--o Procellariimorphae (Fürbringer, 1888) Livezey & Zusi, 2007 | | |-- Sphenisciformes Sharpe, 1891 (penguins; pingviinilinnut) | | `-- Procellariiformes Fürbringer, 1888 (shearwaters, albatrosses and storm petrels; ulappalinnut) | `--o Stegano-Grallatores Livezey & Zusi, 2007 | |--o Pelecanimorphae Huxley, 1867 | | |--o Balaenicipitiformes (Sclater, 1924) (shoebills; kenkänokat) | | | `--o Balaenicipitidae (Sclater, 1924) (shoebills; kenkänokat) | | | |?- ?†Paludavis richae | | | |-- †Goliathia andrewsi Lambrecht, 1930 | | | `-- Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850 (shoubill; kenkänokka) | | `-- Pelecaniformes Sharpe, 1891 [incl.? Odontopterygiformes (Spulski, 1910)] (pelecans, sulas, anhingas and cormorant & shags; pelikaanilinnut) | `--o Ciconiimorphae (Garrod, 1874) | |-- Ardeiformes (Wagler, 1831) (herons; haikaralinnut) | `-- Ciconiiformes Garrod, 1874 [incl Phoenicopteriformes] (storks, ibises, etc.; kattohaikaralinnut) `--o Terrestrornithes Livezay & Zusi, 2007 |--o Telmatores (Lowe, 1931) | |-- Gruiformes (Bonaparte, 1854) [incl. Cariamiformes (Wagler, 1830)] (cranes and relatives; kurkilinnut) | `--+-- Turnaciformes (Huxley, 1868) [incl. Mesitornithiformes] (buttonquails; kyyhkyrääkät ja pyyjuoksijat) | `--+-- Ralliformes (Reichenbach, 1854) | `-- Charadriiformes (Fürbringer, 1888) (shorebirds; rantalinnut) `--o Dendrornithes (Verheyen, 1961) (“treebirds”; “puulinnut”) |--o Raptores Baird, 1858 [Falconimorphae (Seebohm, 1890)] | |-- Strigiformes (Wagler, 1830) (owls; pöllölinnut) | `-- Falconiformes Seebohm, 1890 [incl. Cathartae (Coues, 1824)] (falcons, hawks, eagles, vultures, condors, etc.; päiväpetolinnut) `--o Anomalogonates Garrod, 1874 [Anomalogonatae] |?-o Coccyges Huxley, 1867 | |--o Cuculimorphae Sibley et al., 1988 | | |--o Opisthocomiformes (L'Herminer, 1837) Sharpe, 1891 (hoatzins; haisulinnut) | | | `--o Opisthocomidae Swainson, 1837 [incl. Foratidae Olson, 1992; Onychopterygidae Cracraft, 1971] (hoatzins; haisulinnut) | | | |?- †Foro panarium Olson, 1992 [Foratidae Olson, 1992] E.Eoc. WNAm. | | | |?- †Onychopteryx simpsoni Cracraft, 1971 [Onychopterygidae Cracraft, 1971] E.Eoc. SSAm. | | | |-- †Namibiavis senutae Mourer-Chauviré, 2003; E.Mioc. SAf. | | | `--+-- †Hoazinavis lacustris Alvarenga, Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré, 2011 | | | |?- †Hoazinoides magdalenae AH Miller, 1953; M.Mioc. NSAm. | | | `-- Opisthocomus hoazin (Müller, 1776) Illiger, 1811; R. NSAm. (hoatzin; töyhtökana, haisulintu) | | `-- Cuculiformes (Wagler, 1830) (turacos, cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners, etc.; käkilinnut) | `?-o Psittacimorphae Huxley, 1867) (parrot-like birds; papukaijamaiset linnut) | |-- Psittaciformes (Wagler, 1830) (parrots; papukaijalinnut) | `-- Columbiformes (Garrod, 1874) [incl. Pteroclidiformes (Boucard, 1876)] (doves & pigeons; kyyhkylinnut) `--+--o Strisores Baird, 1858 sensu Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011 [Incessores Baird, 1858; incl. Cypselomorphae Huxley, 1867] | |--+?- Steatornithidae sensu Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011 [Steatornithiformes] (rasvalinnut; oilbirds) | | `-- Podarciformes Mathews, 1918 sensu Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011 | `--o Cypselomorphae Huxley, 1867 sensu Mayr, 2002 | |-- “Caprimulgiformes” (Ridgway, 1891) (goatsuckers, nightjars; kehrääjälinnut) | `--o Daedalornithes Sangster, 2005 | |-- Aegothelidae (Bonaparte, 1853) [Aegotheliformes Simonetta, 1967; Aegotheli Sibley et al., 1988] (owlet-nightjars; australiankehrääjät) | `-- Apodiformes Peters, 1940 (swifts & hummingbirds; kirskulinnut) `--+--o Trogones Livezey & Zusi, 2007 [ Trogonomorphae Livezay & Zusi, 2007] (trogon-like birds; trogonimaiset linnut) | |?= †“Sandcoleiformes” Houde & Olson, 1992 [paraphyletic basal Trogones?] | |-- Coliiformes (Murie, 1872) (hiirolinnut; mousebirds) | `-- Trogoniformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (trogons; trogonilinnut) `--o Pico-Clamatores Livezey & Zusi, 2007 [Passerimorphae Sibley et al., 1988] (Passer-like birds; varpuslintumaiset linnut) |-- Coraciiformes Forbes, 1884 (blue-jays; säihkylinnut) |-- Piciformes (Meyer & Wolf, 1810) (woodpeckers; tikkalinnut) `-- Passeriformes (Linnaeus, 1758) (songbirds; varpuslinnut)
After Cracraft, 1988<==o Neognathia |--o Gallianseres | |-- Gallifores | `-- Anseriformes `--o Neoaves |--+--+-- Procellariiformes | | `-- Pelecaniformes | `--+-- Sphenisciformes | `--+-- Caviiformes | `-- Podicipediformes `--+-- Ciconiiformes |--+-- Ardeidae | |-- Cruiformes | |-- Charadriiformes | `-- Columbiformes |--+-- Falconiformes | `-- Strigiformes |--+-- Caprimulgiformes | `-- Apodiformes `--+-- Coraciiformes `--+-- Piciformes `-- Passeriformes |
After Olson, 1985, and Feduccia, 1980, 1996<==o Neognathia |--o Galloanserae | |-- Galliformes | `--o “Anserimorphae” | |?- †Diatrymiformes [Neornithes incertae sedis] | `-- Anseriformes [incl. †Dromornithiformes] `--o Neoaves |-- Mesitornithidae [Mesiornithes] `--o Gruimorphae |?- †Anisolornis excavatus |?- Gruiformes |?-+-- Phoenicopteriformes | `-- Podicipediformes |?-o Charadriomorphae | |-- Charadriiformes | `--+-- Turnaciformes | `--+-- Pteroclidiformes | `--+-- Columbiformes | `-- Psittaciformes |?- Eurypygoidea |?- Rhynocheti |?- Otides `?-o “The Land-bird Assemblage” |-- Cariamiformes `--+-- Opisthocomidae `--+--+-- Accipitridae | `-- Musophagidae `--+-- Falconidae `--+?- Cuculiformes `--+?- Pandionidae |-- Sagittariidae `--o Anomalogonatae |-- Coliiformes |--+-- Strigiformes | `--+-- Caprimulgiformes | `-- Apodiformes `--+== “Coraciiformes” `--+-- Alcedinifores `--+-- Bucerotiformes `--+-- Piciformes `-- Passeriformes |
After Sibley & Monroe, 1990<==o Neornithes |--o Eoaves [Paleognathe; Paleognathia] | |--o Galloanserae | | |-- Galliformes | | `-- Anseriformes | `--o Ratitae | |-- Tinamiformes | `--o Struthioniformes | |--+-- Struthionidae | | `-- Rheidae | `--+-- Apterygidae | `-- Casuariidae `--o Neoaves |-- Turnicidae `--+-- Piciformes `--+--+== “Coraciiformes” | `-- Trogoniformes `--+-- Coliiformes `--+--+== “Cuculiformes” | `-- Opisthocomiformes `--+-- Psittaciformes `--+-- Apodiformes `--+-- Musophagidae `--+-- Strigiformes `--+-- Caprimulgiformes `--+-- Columbidae `--+-- Passeriformes `--+--+-- Gruiformes | `-- Ralliformes `--+-- Pteroclidae `--+-- Charadriiformes `--+-- Falconiformes `--+-- Podicipediformes `--+-- Phaethontidae `--+--+-- Sulidae | `-- Phalacorcoracidae `--+-- Ardeidae `--+-- Scopidae `--+-- Phoenicopteridae `--+--+-- Pelecanidae | `-- Ciconiidae `--+-- Fregatidae `--+-- Spheniscidae `--+-- Caviidae `-- Procellariiformes Reference(s):
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After Mayr, 2003<==o Neognathia |--o Gallianseres | |-- Gallifores | `-- Anseriformes `--o Neoaves |?= “Waterbird assemblage” [untreated] |-- Opisthocomidae `--+-- Musophagidae `--+--+--+-- Leptosomidae | | `-- Podargidae | `--+-- Steatornithidae | `--+-- Nyctibiidae | `--+-- Aegothelidae | `--+-- Hemiprocnidae | `-- Trochilidae `--+--+-- Falconiformes | `-- Strigiformes `--+--+--+-- Trogoniformes | | `-- Bucerotiformes | `--o Coraciiformes | |--+-- Coraciidae | | `-- Alcedinidae | `--+-- Meropidae | `-- Momotidae `--+--+-- Psittaciformes | `--+-- Coliiformes | `--+-- Piciformes `--+-- Cuculiformes `-- Passeriformes |
After Mayr & Clarke, 2003<==o Neognathia |--o Gallianseres | |-- Gallifores | `-- Anseriformes |-- Caviidae |-- Podicipedidae |-- Spheniscidae |-- Procellariidae |-- Pelecaniformes |-- Balaenicipitidae |-- Ciconiidae |-- Threskiornithidae |-- Phoenicopteridae |--+-- Ardeidae | `-- Eurypygidae |--+-- Psophiidae | `-- Cruidae |-- Otididae |--+-- Recurvirostridae | `-- Burhinidae |-- Rallidae |--+-- Cariamidae | `-- Opisthocomidae |--+-- Cuculidae | `-- Musophagidae |--+-- Cathartidae | `--+-- Sagittariidae | `--+-- Strigiformes | `--+-- Accipitridae | `-- Falconidae |--+-- Aegothelidae | `--+-- Steatornithidae | `-- Trogonidae `--+-- Passeriformes `--+-- Coraciidae `--+-- Psittacidae `-- Coliidae |
After Mayr, 2005b<==o Neognathia |--o Gallianseres | |-- Gallifores | `-- Anseriformes `--+--+-- Opisthocomidae | |-- Musophagidae | `-- Cariamidae `--+-- Ciconiidae `--+--+-- Cathartidae | `--+-- Sagittariidae | `--+-- Strigiformes | `--+-- Accipitridae | `-- Falconidae `--+--+-- Pteroclidae | `-- Columbidae `--+-- Cuculidae `--+-- Coraciidae `--+--+-- Psittacidae | `-- Coliidae `--+-- Aegothelidae `--+-- Steatornithidae `-- Trogonidae |
After Mayr, 2005f<==o Neognathia |--o Gallianseres | |-- Gallifores | `-- Anseriformes `--+-- Musophagidae `--+--+--+-- Strigidae | | `-- Tytonidae | `--+-- Falconidae | `-- Accipitridae `--+-- Leptosomidae `--+-- Podargidae |--+-- Psittacidae | `--+-- Steatornithidae | `--+--+-- Caprimulgidae | | `-- Nyctibiidae | `--+-- Aegothelidae | `--+-- Trochilidae | `--+-- Hemiprocnidae | `-- Apodidae `--+-- Cuculidae |-- Trogonidae `--+--+--+-- Galbulae | | `-- Pici | `--+--+-- Coraciidae | | `-- Brachypteraciidae | `--+--+-- Alcedinidae | | `-- Meropidae | `--+-- Todidae | `-- Motmotidae `--+-- Passeriformes `--+-- Coliidae `--+-- Bucerotidae `--+-- Phoenoculidae `-- Upupidae |
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