After Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015, Mayr, 2014, Livezey & Zusi, 2007, and Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011

Note: During last 15 years, Recent avian phylogeny has gone thru quite alot of chances. Some of thraditional (i.e. pre-1990's) orders has been found to be para- and even polyphyletic.
This makes comparison of different phylogenies difficult, if authors, in order to make presentations shorter, have reduced groups to orders.
The common solution to this has been to use families in the cladograms instead of orders, but that makes comperasions rather difficult because of very large cladograms.

Alternative phylogeny after Cracraft, 1988 (from Livezet & Zusi, 2007).

Alternative taxonomy after Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996

Alternative phylogeny after Mayr, 2002, 2003, 2004ab, 2005ab, Mayr & Clarke, 2003, Mayr, Manegold & Johansson, 2003 (fig. 7), and Bourdon, 2005

<==o Neognathia Huxley, 1867 [Neognathae Pycraft, 1900] (uusleukaiset; neognathous modern birds)
   |--o Galloanserae Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 [Galloanserimorphae (Sibley et al., 1988)]
   |  |?- †Diatrymiformes Shufeldt, 1913
   |  |-- Anseriformes Wagler, 1831 [incl.? †Dromornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888 sensu Murray & Vickers-Rich, 2004] (waterfowls; sorsalinnut)
   |  `--+-- †Dromornithidae Fürbringer, 1888 sensu Worthy et al., 2016 (mihirungs; mihirungit)
   |     `--+--o †Sylviornithidae Mourer-Chauviré & Balouet, 2005 sensu Worthy et al., 2016
   |        |  |-- †Sylviornis neocaledoniae Poplin, 1980
   |        |  `-- †Megavitiornis altirostris Worthy, 2000
   |        `-- Galliformes (Temmink, 1820) (landfowl, i.e. chickens, fowls and relatives; kanalinnut)
   `--o Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988
      |-- Strisores Baird, 1858 sensu Nesbitt, Ksepka & Clarke, 2011 [Incessores Baird, 1858; incl. Cypselomorphae Huxley, 1867] [oilbird, goatsuckers, nightjars, swifts and humming birds; Öljykehrääjä, kehrääjät pökkelökehrääjät, kirskujat ja kolibrit]
      `--+--o Columbaves Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015
         |  |--o Otidimorpha Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015
         |  |  |--o Musophagiformes Seebohm, 1890
         |  |  |  |-- †Foro panarium Olson, 1992 sensu Field & Hsiang, 2018 [Foratidae Olson, 1992] E.Eoc. WNAm.
         |  |  |  `-- Musophagidae Lesson, 1828 (turacos; turakot)
         |  |  `--+--o Cuculiformes (Wagler, 1830) (cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners, etc.; käkilinnut)
         |  |     |  `-- Cuculidae Leach, 1820 (cuckoos, coucals, roadrunners, etc.)
         |  |     `--o Otidiformes Wagler, 1830 [Otidides Wagler, 1830] (bussards; trappimaiset linnut)
         |  |        `-- Otididae Rafinesque, 1815, non G.R. Gray, 1840? [Otidae] (bussards; trapit)
         |  `--o Columbimorphae Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015
         |     |--o Mesitornithiformes Wetmore, 1960 (mesites)
         |     |  `--o Mesitornithidae Wetmore, 1960 (mesites)
         |     |     |-- Monias benschi Oustalet & Grandidier 1903 (Subdesert mesite)
         |     |     `--o Mesitornis Bonaparte 1855 [Mesites Geoffroy, 1838 non Schoenherr, 1838; Mesoenas Reichenbach, 1861]
         |     |        |-- M. variegata (Saint-Hilaire 1838) (White-breasted mesite)
         |     |        `-- M. unicolor (Des Murs 1845) (Brown mesite)
         |     `-- Columbiformes (Garrod, 1874) [incl. Pteroclidiformes (Boucard, 1876)] (doves & pigeons; kyyhkylinnut)
         `--+-- Gruiformes Bonaparte, 1854 [Grues Bonaparte, 1854; incl. Ralliformes (Reichenbach, 1854)] (cranes; kurkilinnut)
            `--+--o Aequornithes Mayr, 2010
               |  |?-o †Scaniornithidae Wetmore, 1960 [jr. synon. to Graculavidae?]
               |  |  `-- †Scaniornis lundgreni Dames, 1890
               |  |?-o †Cimolopterygidae [jr. synon. to Graculavidae?]
               |  |  |-- †Ceramornis major Brodkorb, 1963, U. Cret. NWNA.
               |  |  `--o †Cimolopteryx Marsh, 1892 [Cimolopteryx Marsh, 1889 (nomen nudum); Timolopteryx Ogilvie-Grant, 1912 (lapsus calami)]
               |  |     |-- †C. rara Marsh, 1890 sensu Hay, 1902
               |  |     |-- †C. minima Brodkorb, 1963
               |  |     |-- †C. maxima Brodkorb, 1963
               |  |     |-- †C. petra Hope, 2002
               |  |     `-- †C. sp. [U. Cret, NWNA.] [Hope, 2002]
               |  |--o †form family Graculavidae [Dakotornithidae]
               |  |  |-- †Graculavidae genera et species indet. [Gloucester County, New Jersey]
               |  |  |-- †Zhylgaia aestiflua Nesov, 1988
               |  |  |-- †Dakotornis cooperi Erickson, 1975
               |  |  |-- †Telmatornis priscus Marsh, 1870 [Telmatornis affinis Marsh, 1870, Graculavus pumilis Marsh, 1872, ?Paleotringa vetus Marsh, 1870]
               |  |  |-- †Laornis edvardsianus Marsh, 1870
               |  |  |--o †Graculavus Marsh, 1872 [Limosavis Shufeldt, 1915]
               |  |  |  |-- †G. velox Marsh, 1872 [Limosavis velox (Marsh, 1872) Lambrecht, 1933]
               |  |  |  `-- †G. augustus Hope, 1999
               |  |  `--o †Paleotringa Marsh, 1870
               |  |     |-- †P. littoralis Marsh, 1870
               |  |     |-- †P. sp. cf. P. littoralis Marsh, 1870 
               |  |     `-- †P. vagans Marsh, 1872
               |  |--+-- Charadriiformes (Fürbringer, 1888) (shorebirds; rantalinnut)
               |  |  `--+-- Podicipediformes (Fürbringer, 1888) (grabes; uikkulinnut)
               |  |     `--o Phoenicopteriformes
               |  |        `-- Phoenicopteridae Bonaparte, 1838 (flamingoes; flamingot)
               |  `--+--o Eurypygimorphae Fürbringer, 1888
               |     |  |-- Phaethontiformes (Sharpe, 1891) [Phaethontes] (tropicbirds; tropiikkilinnut)
               |     |  `-- Eurypygiformes Fürbringer, 1888 sensu Hackett et al., 2008 [Eurypygoidea Selby, 1840; Eurypygae Fürbringer, 1888] [incl.  Rhyniocheti Sharpe, 1891]  (sunbittern & kagu; aurinkokurjet ja kagut)
               |     `--+-- Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (loons; kuikkalinnut)
               |        `--+--o Procellariimorphae (Fürbringer, 1888) Livezey & Zusi, 2007
               |           |  |-- Sphenisciformes Sharpe, 1891 (penguins; pingviinilinnut)
               |           |  `-- Procellariiformes Fürbringer, 1888 (shearwaters, albatrosses and storm petrels; ulappalinnut)
               |           `--o Stegano-Grallatores Livezey & Zusi, 2007
               |              |-- Ciconiidae Sundevall, 1836 [Ciconiiformes Garrod, 1874] (storks, kattohaikarat)
               |              `--+--o Suliformes Sharpe, 1891 [Pelecaniformes Sharpe, 1891 in partim; Phalacrocoraciformes Christidis & Boles, 2008] [incl.? Odontopterygiformes (Spulski, 1910)] (fregate birds, sulas, anhingas and cormorants & shags; pelikaanilinnut)
               |                 |  |?-o †Odontopterygia (Spulski, 1910) [Odontopterygiformes (Spulski, 1910); Osteodontornithes] (pseudotooth birds; valehammaslinnut)
               |                 |  |  `-- †Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888 (pseudotooth birds; valehammaslinnut)
               |                 |  |-- Fregatidae Garrod, 1874 (Frigate birds; kaapparit)
               |                 |  `--o Sulae Sharpe, 1891 [Suloidea (Reichenbach, 1849) sensu Cracraft, 1985] (boobie-like; suulansukuiset)
               |                 |     |-- Sulidae Reichenbach, 1849 [Suloidea (Reichenbach, 1849)] (boobies; suulat)
               |                 |     `--+-- Anhingidae
               |                 |        `-- Phalacrocoracidae
               |                 `--o Pelecaniformes Sharpe, 1891 [incl. Balaenicipitiformes (Sclater, 1924); Ardeiformes (Wagler, 1831)] (pelecans, hammerkops, and shoebills; pelikaanilinnut)
               |                    |--o Threskiornithoidea (Richmond, 1917)
               |                    |  |-- Threskiornithidae Richmond, 1917 (Ibeses; iibikset)
               |                    |  `--o Plataleidae (Bonaparte, 1838) (kapustahaikarat)
               |                    |     |-- Ajaia ajaja (ruusukapustahaikara
               |                    |     `--o Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 (kapustahaikarat)
               |                    |        |-- P. leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 (kapustahaikara)
               |                    |        |-- P. minor Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 (pikkukapustahaikara)
               |                    |        |-- P. flavipes Gould, 1838 (keltakapustahaikara)
               |                    |        |-- P. alba Scopoli, 1786 (afrikankapustahaikara)
               |                    |        `-- P. regia Gould, 1838 (australiankapustahaikara)
               |                    `--+-- Ardeidae Leach, 1820 (herons; haikarat)
               |                       `--+--o Scopus Brisson, 1760 (hammerkop; varjohaikarat) [Scopi (Bonaparte, 1853): Scopidae Bonaparte, 1849] (hammercops; varjohaikarat)
               |                          |  |-- †S. xenopus
               |                          |  `-- S. umbretta Gmelin, 1789 (varjohaikara)
               |                          `--+-- Pelecanidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Pelicans; pelikaanit)
               |                             `--o Balaenicipitidae (Sclater, 1924) (shoebills; kenkänokat)
               |                                |?- ?†Paludavis richae
               |                                |-- †Goliathia andrewsi Lambrecht, 1930
               |                                `-- Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850 (shoubill; kenkänokka)
               `--o Inopinaves Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015 [Telluraves Yuri et al., 2013; Dendrornithes (Verheyen, 1961) Livezey & Zusi, 2007] (“treebirds”; “puulinnut”)
                  |?-o †Ameghinornithidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1981
                  |  `--o †Strigogyps Gaillard, 1908 sensu Mayr, 2007 [Eocathartes Lambrecht, 1935; Geiseloceros Lambrecht, 1935; Ameghinornis Mourer-Chauviré, 1981; Ameghinornis Mourer-Chauviré, 1983; Aenigmavis Peters, 1987; Ameghinornis Peters, 2007; Aenigmavis Peters, 2007]
                  |     |-- †S. robustus (Lambrecht, 1935) Gaillard, 1908 sensu Mayr, 2007 [Eocathartes robustus Lambrecht, 1935; Geiseloceros robustus Lambrecht, 1935]
                  |     |-- †S. dubius Gaillard, 1908 [Ameghinornis minor Mourer-Chauviré, 1983] 
                  |     `-- †S. sapea (Peters, 1987) [Aenigmavis sapea Peters, 1987]
                  |--o Opisthocomiformes (L'Herminer, 1837) Sharpe, 1891 (hoatzins; haisulinnut)
                  |  `--o Opisthocomidae Swainson, 1837 [incl. Foratidae Olson, 1992; Onychopterygidae Cracraft, 1971] (hoatzins; haisulinnut)
                  |     |?- †Onychopteryx simpsoni Cracraft, 1971 [Onychopterygidae Cracraft, 1971] E.Eoc. SSAm.
                  |     |-- †Namibiavis senutae Mourer-ChauvirĂ©, 2003; E.Mioc. SAf.
                  |     `--+-- †Hoazinavis lacustris Alvarenga, Mayr & Mourer-ChauvirĂ©, 2011
                  |        |?- †Hoazinoides magdalenae AH Miller, 1953; M.Mioc. NSAm.
                  |        `-- Opisthocomus hoazin (MĂŒller, 1776) Illiger, 1811; R. NSAm. (hoatzin; töyhtökana, haisulintu)
                  `--+-- Accipitriformes Vieillot, 1816 [incl. Cathartae (Coues, 1824)] (hawks, eagles, vultures, condors, etc.; kanahaukkalinnut (päiväpetolinnut))
                     `--+--+-- Strigiformes (Wagler, 1830) (owls; pöllölinnut)
                        |  `--o Coraciimorphae [incl. Trogones Livezey & Zusi, 2007; Trogonomorphae Livezay & Zusi, 2007]
                        |     |?- †Sandcoleiformes Houde & Olson, 1992 [paraphyletic basal coliiformes?]
                        |     |-- Coliiformes (Murie, 1872) (hiirolinnut; mousebirds)
                        |     `--+--o Leptosomiformes Sharpe, 1891
                        |        |  `--o Leptosomidae Blyth, 1838
                        |        |     |--o †Plesiocathartes Gaillard,  1908
                        |        |     |  |-- †P. europaeus Gaillard,  1908
                        |        |     |  |?- †P. gaillardi Crusafont & Villata, 1955 [non Plesiocathartes (Weidig, 2006)]
                        |        |     |  |-- †P. geiselensis Mayr, 2002
                        |        |     |  |-- †P. kelleri Mayr, 2002
                        |        |     |  |-- †P. sp. (London Clay Form.)(Mayr, 2002)
                        |        |     |  |-- †P. wyomingensis Weidig, 2006
                        |        |     |  `-- †P. major Weidig, 2006
                        |        |     `--o  Leptosomus discolor (Hermann, 1783) Vieillot, 1816 (cuckoo roller; courol; kuroli)
                        |        |        |-- L. d. discolor (Hermann, 1783)
                        |        |        |-- L. d. intermedius Hartert & Neumann, 1924
                        |        |        `-- L. d. gracilis Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
                        |        `--+-- Trogoniformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (trogons; trogonilinnut)
                        |           `--o Picocoraciae [Coraciiformes Forbes, 1884 sensu lato (paraphyletic)]
                        |              |-- Bucerotiformes Fürbringer, 1888 [incl. Upupiformes] (hornbills and relatives; sarvinokkalinnut)
                        |              `--o Picodynastornithes Yuri et. al, 2013
                        |                 |-- Piciformes (Meyer & Wolf, 1810) (woodpeckers; tikkalinnut)
                        |                 `--o Coraciiformes Forbes, 1884 sensu lato
                        |                    |-- Coraciiformes Forbes, 1884
                        |                    `-- Alcediniformes Feduccia, 1977 (kingfisher-like birds; kuningaskalastajalinnut)
                        `--o Australves Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015
                           |-- Cariamiformes (Wagler, 1830) (seiremas and phorusrhacids; kÀÀrmekurkilinnut)
                           `--o Eufalconimorphae Suh, Paus, Kiefmann, Churakov, Franke, Brosius, Kriegs & Schmitz, 2011
                              |--o Falconiformes Seebohm, 1890 sensu stricto (falcons; jalokaukkalinnut))
                              |  `-- Falconidae Vigors, 1824 (falcons; jalohaukat) (falcons; jalohaukat)
                              `--o Psittacopasserae Suh, Paus, Kiefmann, Churakov, Franke, Brosius, Kriegs & Schmitz, 2011
                                 |-- Psittaciformes Wagler, 1827 (parrots; papukaijalinnut)
                                 `--o Pan-Passeriformes
                                    |--+?- †Wieslochia weissi Mayr & Manegold, 2006, E.Olig. CEu.
                                    |  |?- †Jamna szybiaki Bochenski, Tomek, Bujoczek & Wertz, 2011; E.Olig. CEu.
                                    |  |?- †Resoviaornis jamrozi Bochenski, Tomek, Wertz & Swidnicka, 2013; E.Olig. CEu.
                                    |  `-- Passeriformes Linnaeus, 1758 (songbirds; varpuslinnut)
                                    `--+-- †Jamna szybiaki Bocheński, et al., 2011 sensu Smith et al., 2018
                                       `--o †Zygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971 sensu Mayr, 2008, DeBee, 2012 [incl. Primoscenidae Harrison & Walker, 1977]
                                          |?- †Primoscens minutus Harrison & Walker, 1977 [Primoscenidae Harrison & Walker, 1977] [not treated by Smith et al., 2018]
                                          `==o †Primozygodactylus Mayr, 1998
                                             |--+-- †Primozygodactylus major Mayr, 1998
                                             |  `-- †Primozygodactylus longibrachium Mayr, 2017
                                             |-- †Primozygodactylus enjooae Mayr & Zelenkov, 2009
                                             |-- †Primozygodactylus danielsi Mayr, 1998 [type]
                                             `--+-- †Primozygodactylus ballmani Mayr, 1998
                                                |-- †Primozygodactylus quintus Mayr, 2016
                                                `==o †Zygodactylus Ballman, 1969a
                                                   |?- †Zygodactylus grivensis Ballman, 1969a [not treated by Smith et al., 2018]
                                                   |?- †Zygodactylus ignotus Ballman, 1969b [type] [not treated by Smith et al., 2018]
                                                   |-- †Zygodactylus luberonensis Mayr 2008
                                                   `--+-- †Zygodactylus grandei Smith, DeBee & Clarke, 2018 [Zygodactylus sp. (FMNH PA 726, UWGM 40705)] [Green River Form.] (DeBee, 2012)
                                                      `-- †Eozygodactylus americanus Weidig, 2010

Prum, Berv, Dornburg, Field, Townsend, Lemmon & Lemmon, 2015

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Galloanserae
   |  |-- Galliformes
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |--o Strisores
      |  |-- Caprimulgidae
      |  `--+--+-- Steatornithidae
      |     |  `-- Nyctibiidae
      |     `--+-- Podarcidae
      |        `--+-- Aegothelidae
      |           `-- Apodiformes
      `--+--o Columbaves
         |  |--o Otidimorpha
         |  |  |-- 	Musophagidae
         |  |  `--+-- Otididae
         |  |     `-- Cuculiformes
         |  `--o Columbimorphae
         |     |-- Mesitornithidae
         |     `-- Columbiformes
         `--+--o Gruiformes
            |  |--+-- Psophidae
            |  |  `-- Gruidae
            |  `--+-- Heliornithidae
            |     `-- Rallidae
            `--+--o Aequornithes
               |  |--+-- Charadriiformes
               |  |  `--+-- Phoenicopteridae
               |  |     `-- Podicipedidae
               |  `--+--+-- Phaethontidae
               |     |  `-- Eurypygidae
               |     `--+-- Gaviiformes
               |        `--+--+-- Sphenisciformes
               |           |  `-- Procellariiformes
               |           `--+-- Ciconiidae
               |              `--+--+-- Fregatidae
               |                 |  `--+-- Sulidae
               |                 |     `--+-- Anhingidae
               |                 |        `-- Phalacrocoracidae
               |                 `--+-- Threskiornithidae
               |                    `--+-- Ardeidae
               |                       `--+-- Scopidae
               |                          `--+-- Balaenicipitidae
               |                             `-- Pelecanidae
               `--o Inopinaves
                  |-- Opisthocomidae
                  `--+--o Accipitriformes
                     |  |-- Cathartidae
                     |  `--+-- Sagittariidae
                     |     `--+-- Pandionidae
                     |        `-- Accipitridae
                     `--+--+-- Strigiformes
                        |  `--o Coraciimorphae
                        |     |-- Coliiformes
                        |     `--+-- Leptosomidae
                        |        `--+-- Trogoniformes
                        |           `--+-- Bucerotiformes
                        |              `--+-- Piciformes
                        |                 `--+-- Coracii
                        |                    `-- Alcediniformes
                        `--o Australves
                           |-- Cariamiformes
                           `--+-- Falconidae
                              `--+-- Psittaciformes
                                 `-- Passeriformes

Reference(s):

  • Prum, R. O., Berv, J. S., Dornburg, A., Field, D. J., Townsend, J. P., Lemmon, E. M. & Lemmon, A. R., 2015: A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing.
    –Nature: Vol. 526, #7574, pp. (569-573) [doi: 10.1038/nature15697]

After Botelho, Smith-Paredes, Nuñez-Leon, Soto-Acuña & Vargas, 2014

<==o Telluraves
   |--o Eufalconimorphae
   |  |-- Cariamiformes
   |  `--+-- Falconidae
   |     `--+--o Pan-Psittaciformes
   |        |  |-- †Messelasturidae
   |        |  |-- †Halcyornithidae
   |        |  |-- †Quercypsittidae
   |        |  `-- Psittaciformes
   |        `--o Pan-Passeriformes
   |           |-- †Zygodactylidae
   |           `-- Passeriformes
   `--+-- Accipitriformes
      `--+--+-- Coliiformes
         |  `-- Strigiformes
         `--+-- Leptosomidae
            `--+-- Trogoniformes
               `--o Picocoraciae
                  |-- Bucerotiformes
                  `--+-- Piciformes
                     `--+-- Coracii
                        `-- Alcediniformes

Reference(s):

  • Botelho, J. F., Smith-Paredes, D., Nuñez-Leon, D., Soto-Acuña, S. & Vargas, A. O., 2014: The developmental origin of zygodactyl feet and its possible loss in the evolution of Passeriformes.
    –Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 281, #1788, pp. [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0765]

After Mayr, 2014

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Galloanserae
   |  |-- Galliformes
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |?- Columbiformes
      |?-+-- Eurypygidae
      |  `-- Rhynochetidae
      |?- Otididae
      |?- Mesitornithidae
      |?-+-- Phoenicopteridae
      |  `-- Podicipedidae
      |?-+-- Ralliformes
      |  `-- Gruiformes
      |?- Charadriiformes
      |?- Opisthocomidae
      |?- Musophagidae
      |?- Cuculiformes
      |?- Phaethontidae
      |--o Aequornithes
      |  |?- Phaethontidae
      |  |-- Gaviiformes
      |  |-- Sphenisciformes
      |  `--+-- Procellariiformes
      |     `--+-- Ciconiidae
      |        |-- Threskiornithidae
      |        |-- Ardeidae
      |        |--+-- Pelecanidae
      |        |  `-- Balaenicipitiformes
      |        `--+-- Fregatidae
      |           `--+-- Sulidae
      |              `--+-- Anhingidae
      |                 `-- Phalacrocoracidae
      |--o Strisores
      |  |-- Steatornithidae
      |  |-- Podarcidae
      |  `--+--o Caprimulgiformes (s.s.)
      |     |  |-- Nyctibiidae
      |     |  `-- Caprimulgidae
      |     `--+-- Aegothelidae
      |        `-- Apodiformes
      `--o Telluraves
         |-- Cariamiformes
         |-- Psittaciformes
         |-- Passeriformes
         |-- Falconidae
         |--o Accipitriformes
         |  |-- Cathartidae
         |  `--+-- Sagittariidae
         |     `--+-- Pandionidae
         |        `-- Accipitridae
         |-- Coliiformes
         |-- Strigiformes
         |-- Leptosomidae
         `--+-- Trogoniformes
            `--+-- Bucerotiformes
               `--+-- Piciformes
                  `--+-- Coracii
                     `-- Alcediniformes

Rference(s):

  • Mayr, G., 2014: The origins of crown group birds: molecules and fossils.
    –Palaeontology: Vol. 57, #2, pp. 231-242 [doi: 10.1111/pala.12103]

Hackett et al., 2008 (vide Mayr, 2014)

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Galloanserae
   |  |-- Galliformes
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |--o Metornithes
      |  |--+--+-- Phoenicopteridae
      |  |  |  `-- Podicipediformes
      |  |  `--+-- Phaethontidae
      |  |     `--+== Columbiformes
      |  |        `-- Mesitornithidae
      |  `--o Strisores
      |     |--+?- Steatornithidae
      |     |  `-- Podarciformes
      |     `--o Cypselomorphae
      |        |-- Caprimulgiformes (s.s.)
      |        `--o Daedalornithes
      |           |-- Aegothelidae
      |           `-- Apodiformes
      `--+--+-- Opisthocomiformes
         |  `--+--+-- Otididae
         |     |  `--+-- Cuculiformes
         |     |     `--+-- Ralliformes
         |     |        `-- Gruiformes
         |     `--o Aequornithes
         |        |-- Gaviiformes
         |        `--+--o Procellariimorphae
         |           |  |-- Sphenisciformes
         |           |  `-- Procellariiformes
         |           `--+== Ciconiiformes
         |              `--+-- Suliformes
         |                 `--+-- Ardeiformes
         |                    `--+-- Pelecanidae
         |                       `-- Balaenicipitiformes
         `--+-- Charadriiformes
            `--o Telluraves
               |--o Eufalconimorphae
               |  |-- Cariamiformes
               |  `--+-- Falconiformes
               |     `--+-- Psittaciformes
               |        `-- Passeriformes
               `--+-- Accipitriformes
                  `--+--+-- Coliiformes
                     |  `-- Strigiformes
                     `--+-- Leptosomidae
                        `--+-- Trogoniformes
                           `--o Picocoraciae
                              |-- Bucerotiformes
                              `--+-- Piciformes
                                 `--+-- Coracii
                                    `-- Alcediniformes

Livezey & Zusi, 2007

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Galloanserae
   |  |-- Galliformes
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |--o Natatores
      |  |--o Pygopodo-Tubinares Livezey & Zusi, 2007
      |  |  |--o Caviomorphae Livezey & Zusi, 2007
      |  |  |  |-- Gaviiformes
      |  |  |  `-- Podicipediformes
      |  |  `--o Procellariimorphae Livezey & Zusi, 2007
      |  |     |-- Sphenisciformes
      |  |     `-- Procellariiformes
      |  `--o Stegano-Grallatores Livezey & Zusi, 2007
      |     |--o Pelecanimorphae
      |     |  |-- Balaenicipitiformes
      |     |  `-- Pelecaniformes
      |     `--o Ciconiimorphae
      |        |-- Ardeiformes
      |        `-- Ciconiiformes
      `--o Terrestrornithes Livezay & Zusi, 2007
         |--o Telmatores
         |  |-- Gruiformes
         |  `--+-- Turnaciformes
         |     `--+-- Ralliformes
         |        `-- Charadriiformes
         `--o Dendrornithes
            |--o Raptores
            |  |-- Strigiformes
            |  `-- Falconiformes
            `--o Anomalogonates
               |?-o Coccyges
               |  |--o Cuculimorphae
               |  |  |-- Opisthocomiformes
               |  |  `-- Cuculiformes
               |  `?-o Psittacimorphae
               |     |-- Psittaciformes
               |     `-- Columbiformes
               `--+--o Strisores
                  |  |--+?- Steatornithidae
                  |  |  `-- Podarciformes
                  |  `--o Cypselomorphae
                  |     |-- Caprimulgiformes (s.s.)
                  |     `--o Daedalornithes
                  |        |-- Aegothelidae
                  |        `-- Apodiformes
                  `--+--o Trogones Livezey & Zusi, 2007
                     |  |?=Sandcoleiformes
                     |  |-- Coliiformes
                     |  `-- Trogoniformes
                     `--o Pico-Clamatores Livezey & Zusi, 2007
                        |-- Passeriformes
                        `--o Picocoraciae
                           |-- Coracii
                           `--+-- Alcediniformes
                              `--+-- Bucerotiformes
                                 `-- Piciformes

After Mayr, 2005f

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Gallianseres
   |  |-- Gallifores
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--+-- Musophagidae
      `--+--+--+-- Strigidae
         |  |  `-- Tytonidae
         |  `--+-- Falconidae
         |     `-- Accipitridae
         `--+-- Leptosomidae
            `--+-- Podargidae
               |--+-- Psittacidae
               |  `--+-- Steatornithidae
               |     `--+--+-- Caprimulgidae
               |        |  `-- Nyctibiidae
               |        `--+-- Aegothelidae
               |           `--+-- Trochilidae
               |              `--+-- Hemiprocnidae
               |                 `-- Apodidae
               `--+-- Cuculidae
                  |-- Trogonidae
                  `--+--+--+-- Galbulae
                     |  |  `-- Pici
                     |  `--+--+-- Coraciidae
                     |     |  `-- Brachypteraciidae
                     |     `--+--+-- Alcedinidae
                     |        |  `-- Meropidae
                     |        `--+-- Todidae
                     |           `-- Motmotidae
                     `--+-- Passeriformes
                        `--+-- Coliidae
                           `--+-- Bucerotidae
                              `--+-- Phoenoculidae
                                 `-- Upupidae

After Mayr, 2005b

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Gallianseres
   |  |-- Gallifores
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--+--+-- Opisthocomidae
      |  |-- Musophagidae
      |  `-- Cariamidae
      `--+-- Ciconiidae
         `--+--+-- Cathartidae
            |  `--+-- Sagittariidae
            |     `--+-- Strigiformes
            |        `--+-- Accipitridae
            |           `-- Falconidae
            `--+--+-- Pteroclidae
               |  `-- Columbidae
               `--+-- Cuculidae
                  `--+-- Coraciidae
                     `--+--+-- Psittacidae
                        |  `-- Coliidae
                        `--+-- Aegothelidae
                           `--+-- Steatornithidae
                              `-- Trogonidae

After Mayr, 2003

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Gallianseres
   |  |-- Gallifores
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |?= “Waterbird assemblage” [untreated]
      |-- Opisthocomidae
      `--+-- Musophagidae
         `--+--+--+-- Leptosomidae
            |  |  `-- Podargidae
            |  `--+-- Steatornithidae
            |     `--+-- Nyctibiidae
            |        `--+-- Aegothelidae
            |           `--+-- Hemiprocnidae
            |              `-- Trochilidae
            `--+--+-- Falconiformes
               |  `-- Strigiformes
               `--+--+--+-- Trogoniformes
                  |  |  `-- Bucerotiformes
                  |  `--o Coraciiformes
                  |     |--+-- Coraciidae
                  |     |  `-- Alcedinidae
                  |     `--+-- Meropidae
                  |        `-- Momotidae
                  `--+--+-- Psittaciformes
                     |  `--+-- Coliiformes
                     |     `--+-- Piciformes
                     `--+-- Cuculiformes
                        `-- Passeriformes

After Mayr & Clarke, 2003

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Gallianseres
   |  |-- Gallifores
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   |-- Caviidae
   |-- Podicipedidae
   |-- Spheniscidae
   |-- Procellariidae
   |-- Pelecaniformes
   |-- Balaenicipitidae
   |-- Ciconiidae
   |-- Threskiornithidae
   |-- Phoenicopteridae
   |--+-- Ardeidae
   |  `-- Eurypygidae
   |--+-- Psophiidae
   |  `-- Cruidae
   |-- Otididae
   |--+-- Recurvirostridae
   |  `-- Burhinidae
   |-- Rallidae
   |--+-- Cariamidae
   |  `-- Opisthocomidae
   |--+-- Cuculidae
   |  `-- Musophagidae
   |--+-- Cathartidae
   |  `--+-- Sagittariidae
   |     `--+-- Strigiformes
   |        `--+-- Accipitridae
   |           `-- Falconidae
   |--+-- Aegothelidae
   |  `--+-- Steatornithidae
   |     `-- Trogonidae
   `--+-- Passeriformes
      `--+-- Coraciidae
         `--+-- Psittacidae
            `-- Coliidae

After Sibley & Monroe, 1990

<==o Neornithes
   |--o Eoaves [Paleognathe; Paleognathia]
   |  |--o Galloanserae
   |  |  |-- Galliformes
   |  |  `-- Anseriformes
   |  `--o Ratitae
   |     |-- Tinamiformes
   |     `--o Struthioniformes
   |        |--+-- Struthionidae
   |        |  `-- Rheidae
   |        `--+-- Apterygidae
   |           `-- Casuariidae
   `--o Neoaves
      |-- Turnicidae
      `--+-- Piciformes
         `--+--+== “Coraciiformes”
            |  `-- Trogoniformes
            `--+-- Coliiformes
               `--+--+== “Cuculiformes”
                  |  `-- Opisthocomiformes
                  `--+-- Psittaciformes
                     `--+-- Apodiformes
                        `--+-- Musophagidae
                           `--+-- Strigiformes
                              `--+-- Caprimulgiformes
                                 `--+-- Columbidae
                                    `--+-- Passeriformes
                                       `--+--+-- Gruiformes
                                          |  `-- Ralliformes
                                          `--+-- Pteroclidae
                                             `--+-- Charadriiformes
                                                `--+-- Falconiformes
                                                   `--+-- Podicipediformes
                                                      `--+-- Phaethontidae
                                                         `--+--+-- Sulidae
                                                            |  `-- Phalacorcoracidae
                                                            `--+-- Ardeidae
                                                               `--+-- Scopidae
                                                                  `--+-- Phoenicopteridae
                                                                     `--+--+-- Pelecanidae
                                                                        |  `-- Ciconiidae
                                                                        `--+-- Fregatidae
                                                                           `--+-- Spheniscidae
                                                                              `--+-- Caviidae
                                                                                 `-- Procellariiformes

Reference(s):

  • Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E., 1990: Phylogeny and classification of birds. A study in molecular evolution.
    –Yale University Press, New Haven & London, pp. xxii-976

After Olson, 1985, and Feduccia, 1980, 1996

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Galloanserae
   |  |-- Galliformes
   |  `--o “Anserimorphae”
   |     |?- †Diatrymiformes [Neornithes incertae sedis]
   |     `-- Anseriformes [incl. †Dromornithiformes]
   `--o Neoaves
      |-- Mesitornithidae [Mesiornithes]
      `--o Gruimorphae
         |?- †Anisolornis excavatus
         |?- Gruiformes
         |?-+-- Phoenicopteriformes
         |  `-- Podicipediformes
         |?-o Charadriomorphae
         |  |-- Charadriiformes
         |  `--+-- Turnaciformes
         |     `--+-- Pteroclidiformes
         |        `--+-- Columbiformes
         |           `-- Psittaciformes
         |?- Eurypygoidea
         |?- Rhynocheti
         |?- Otides
         `?-o “The Land-bird Assemblage”
            |-- Cariamiformes
            `--+-- Opisthocomidae
               `--+--+-- Accipitridae
                  |  `-- Musophagidae
                  `--+-- Falconidae
                     `--+?- Cuculiformes
                        `--+?- Pandionidae
                           |-- Sagittariidae
                           `--o Anomalogonatae
                              |-- Coliiformes
                              |--+-- Strigiformes
                              |  `--+-- Caprimulgiformes
                              |     `-- Apodiformes
                              `--+== “Coraciiformes”
                                 `--+-- Alcedinifores
                                    `--+-- Bucerotiformes
                                       `--+-- Piciformes
                                          `-- Passeriformes

After Cracraft, 1988

<==o Neognathia
   |--o Gallianseres
   |  |-- Gallifores
   |  `-- Anseriformes
   `--o Neoaves
      |--+--+-- Procellariiformes
      |  |  `-- Pelecaniformes
      |  `--+-- Sphenisciformes
      |     `--+-- Caviiformes
      |        `-- Podicipediformes
      `--+-- Ciconiiformes
         |--+-- Ardeidae
         |  |-- Cruiformes
         |  |-- Charadriiformes
         |  `-- Columbiformes
         |--+-- Falconiformes
         |  `-- Strigiformes
         |--+-- Caprimulgiformes
         |  `-- Apodiformes
         `--+-- Coraciiformes
            `--+-- Piciformes
               `-- Passeriformes

Reference(s):

  • Sangster, G., 2005: A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves).
    –Zootaxa: #799, pp. 1-6
  • Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
    –Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.
  • Smith, N. A., DeBee, A. M. & Clarke, J. A., 2018: Systematics and phylogeny of the Zygodactylidae (Aves, Neognathae) with description of a new species from the early Eocene of Wyoming, USA.
    –PeerJ: Vol. 6, Art.nr. e4950, pp. 1-46 [doi: 10.7717/peerj.4950]
  • Suh, A., Paus, M., Kiefmann, M., Churakov, G., Franke, F. A., Brosius, J., Kriegs, J. O. & Schmitz, J., 2011: Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds.
    –Nature Communications: Vol. 2, art. 443 [doi: 10.1038/ncomms1448]
  • van Tuinen, M., Butvill, D. B., Kirsch, J. A. W. & Hedges, S. B., 2001: Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds.
    –Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological series: Vol. 268, pp. 1345-1350
  • van Tuinen, M., Sibley, C. G. & Hedges, S. B., 2000: The Early History of Modern Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes.
    –Molecular Biology and Evolution: Vol. 17, #3, pp. 451-457
  • Weidig, I., 2006: The first New World occurrence of the Eocene bird Plesiocathartes (Aves: ?Leptosomidae).
    –PalĂ€ontologische Zeitschrift: Vol. 80, #3, pp. 230-237 [doi: 10.1007/bf02988439]
  • Worthy, T. H., Mitri, M., Handley, W. D., Lee, M. S. Y., Anderson, A. & Sand, C., 2016: Osteology Supports a Stem-Galliform Affinity for the Giant Extinct Flightless Bird Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres).
    –Plos One: Vol. 11, #3, Art.nr. e0150871, pp. 1-62 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150871]
  • Yuri, T., Kimball, R., Harshman, J., Bowie, R., Braun, M., Chojnowski, J., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S., Huddleston, C., Moore, W., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F., Steadman, D., Witt, C. & Braun, E., 2013: Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals.
    –Biology: Vol. 2, #1, pp. 419-444 [doi: 10.3390/biology2010419]
  •