Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Main Groups of Modern Birds   Gruidae - cranes

After Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1996, Livezey, 1998 and Göhlich, 2003, with modern species from Sibley & Monroe, 1990

<==o Gruidae Vigors, 1825 [incl. Aramidae Bonaparte, 1854] (cranes; kurjet)
   |?- †"Probalearica" mongolica Kurochkin, 1985; M. Plio. EAs.
   |?- †"Probalearica" moldavica Kurochkin & Ganya, 1972; U. Mio. EEu.
   |--o Araminae Bonaparte, 1854 (limpkins; kotilokurjet)
   |  |-- †Badistornis aramus
   |  `-- Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1799) Vieillot, 1816 (kotilokurki; limpkin)
   `--o Gruidae Vigors, 1825 sensu Livezey, 1998
      |--o Balearicinae Brasil, 1913 (crowned cranes; kruunukurjet)
      |  |--o †Aramornis
      |  |  |-- †A. longurio
      |  |  |-- †A. robalearica
      |  |  `-- †A. crataegensis
      |  |-- †Geranopsis hastingsiae Lydekker, 1871; U. Eoc. L. Olig. WEu.
      |  |-- †Eobalearica tugarinovi Gureev, 1949; U. Eoc. CAs.
      |  `--o Balearica Brisson, 1760 (kruunukurjet; crowned cranes)
      |     |-- †B. exigua Feduccia & Voorhies, 1992
      |     |-- †B. rummeli (Mlíkovský, 1998) Mourer-Chauviré, 2001
      |     |-- B. pavonina (Linnaeus, 1758) (kruunukurki; black-crowned crane)
      |     `-- B. regulorum (Bennett, 1833) (etelänkruunukurki; grey-crowned crane)
      `--o Gruinae Vigors, 1825 (cranes; kurjet)
         |?- ?†"Palaeogrus" excelsa (Milne-Edwards, 1871) [†"Palaeogrus" excelsus (lapsus calami)] L. Mio. WEu.
         |?-o †Palaeogrus Portis, 1884; Eoc. Mio. Eu.
         |  |-- †P. princeps Portis, 1884; M. Eoc. SEu.
         |  |-- †P. hordwelliensis (Lydekker, 1891); U. Eoc. WEu.
         |  `-- †P. mainburgensis Göhlich, 2003; M. Mio. WEu.
         |?- †Pliogrus pentelici (Gaudry, 1862); L. Plio. EEu.
         |?- †"Grus" conferta Miller, A. & Sibley, 1942 [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]
         `--o Grus Pallas, 1766 (cranes; kurjet)
            |?- †G. miocaenicus Grigorescu & Kessler, 1977; U. Mio. EEu.
            |?- †G. afghana Mourer-Chauviré, et al., 1985; U. Mio. SAs.
            |-- G. (Bugeranus) carunculatus (Gmelin, 1789) [Bugeranus Glomer, 1841] (helttakurki)
            `--+-- G. leucogeranus (Pallas, 1773) [Leucogeranus Bonaparte, 1855] (lumikurki)
               |--o (Anthropoides) Vieillot, 1816 (neitokurjet; crested cranes
               |  |-- G. (A.) virgo (neitokurki; demoiselle crane)
               |  `-- G. (A.) paradisea (hopeakurki; blue crane)
               `--o (Grus) Pallas, 1766 sensu stricto
                  |--+-- G. vipio Pallas, 1811 (silmälasikurki; white-naped crane)
                  |  `--+-- G. rubicunda (Perry, 1810) (australiankurki; Australian crane)
                  |     `--o [all these forms may be cospecific (Olson & Rasmussen, 2001)]
                  |        |?- †G. primigenia Milne-Edwards, 1869 []
                  |        |?- †G. melitensis Lydekker, 1890
                  |        |?- †G. cubensis (Fischer & Stephen, 1971)
                  |        |?- †G. sp. aff. G. antigone [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]
                  |        `-- G. antigone (Linnaeus, 1758) (saruskurki; Sarus crane)
                  |-- G. canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (hietakurki; sandhill crane)
                  `--+-- G. nigricollis Prezhwalsky, 1876 (huppukurki; black-necked crane)
                     |-- G. japonensis (Müller, 1776) (japaninkurki; Japanese crane)
                     |-- G. grus (Linnaeus, 1758) (kurki; Eurasian crane)
                     `--+-- G. monacha Temminck, 1835 (munkkikurki; hooded crane)
                        `-- G. americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (trumpettikurki; whooping crane)

Reference(s):

Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, Hew Haven, 1996, pp. x-420

Göhlich, U. B., 2003: A new crane (Aves: Gruidae) from the Miocene of Germany.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #2, pp. 387-393

Livezey, B. C., 1998: A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae).
–Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biology): Vol. 353, pp. 2077-2151

Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, 1-440
      Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990,

Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985.

Olson, S. L. & Rasmussen, P. D., 2001: Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. 233-365
in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J., (eds.) 2001: Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Vol. III.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 90, iii-365

Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B, L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.