After Olson, 1985, Ericson, 1995, Feduccia, 1996, with Recent species from Peterson, 2002-2004 and Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
Alternative phylogeny after Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène, 2005
<==o “Ciconiimorphae” (stork-like birds; kattohaikaramaiset linnut) |?-o Podicipediformes (uikkulinnut) | `-- Podicipedidae (uikut) `--+--o Ciconiiformes (haikaralinnut) [possibly para- and polyphyletic] | |?- †Xenerodiops mycter [Xenerodiopidae] | |?- Ardeidae (herons; haikarat) [possibly gruiforms (Olson, 1985)] | |?-o Scopus Brisson, 1760 (hammercops; varjohaikarat) [Scopidae] | | |-- †S. xenopus | | `-- S. umbretta Gmelin, 1789 (varjohaikara; hammercop) | |-- Plataleidae [Threskiornithidae] (ibises; iibikset) [possibly charadriforms (Olson, 1985)] | `--+-- Vulturides (New World vultures and related forms; kondoriensukuiset kattohaikaralinnut) | `-- “Ciconida” (stork-like birds; kattohaikaransukuiset kattohaikaralinnut;) `?-o “Pelecanimorphae” |-- Pelecaniformes (pelikaanilinnut; pelecans, sulas anhingas and cormorants (shags)) [paraphyletic sensu Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène, 2005] `--o “Procellariimorphae” |--+?- Phaethontes sensu Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène, 2005 (Tropicbirds; tropiikkilinnut, jouhipyrstöt) | `-- Procellariiformes Fürbringer, 1888 (shearwaters, albatrosses and storm petrels; ulappalinnut) `?-o “Gaviomorphae” |?- Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (loons; kuikkalinnut) `-- Sphenisciformes (penguins; pingviinilinnut)
Note:
This is not a true phylogenetic tree, although it's partly based to a phylogenetic analysis of Ericson, 1996. Mostly it is done after Feduccia, 1996 and Olson, 1985 and is thus more a deductive phylogeny based on morphology, not a true analysis.
However, both men seem to confirm the Pelecaniform-Procellariiform-Caviiform-Sphenisciform -clade also presented in Sibley & Monroe, 1990 -study.
Reference(s):
- Ericson, P. G. P. 1996: Systematic relationships of the Palaeogene family Presbyornithidae(Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Grellet-Tinner, G., 2001: A re-evaluation of the Australian Snake Dam eggshell: Phylogenetic and temporal implications.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 57A - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, J., BL., 1990: Distribution and
taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990.
XXIV-1111.