After Carroll, 1988, and Nelson, 1994, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]1

<==o “Zoarciformes” (kivinilkkakalat)
   |--+-- Zoarcoidei (kivinilkkamaiset)
   |  `?- Notothenoidei (jääkalamaiset)
   `--o Trachinoidei (tähystäjämäiset)
      |?-o Pholidichthys [Pholidichthyidae] [2]
      |  |-- P. anguis Springer & Larson, 1996
      |  `-- P. leucotaenia Bleeker, 1856 (Convict blenny)
      |?-o Trichodontidae (hietatähystäjät)
      |  |-- Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner, 1881) (Sailfin sandfish)
      |  `-- Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius, 1813) (Pacific sandfish)
      |-- Cheimarrhyichthys fosteri [Cheimarrhyichthyidae] (nuoliaisahvenet)
      `--+-- Pinguipedidae [Parapercidae] (sandperches)
         `--+--+-- Percophidae (duckbills) [N: 13/40 ] [FB: 9/33]
            |  |-- Creediidae [Limnichthyidae] (sandburrowers) [N: 7/16] [FB: 6/13]
            |  `-- Trichonotidae (kaivautujakalat; sanddivers) [N: 1/6] [FB: 1/8]
            `--+--+-- Chiasmodontidae (nielijätähystäjät) [4/15]
               |  `-- Champsodontidae (ahmattikalat; sabre-gills) [N: 1/6] [FB: 1/13]
               `--+--o Leptoscopidae (tähystäjät; southern sandfishes) [N: 2/4] [FB: 3/5]
                  |  |-- Leptoscopus macropygus (Richardson, 1846) (Estuary stargazer)
                  |  |-- Lesueurina platycephala Fowler, 1908 (Flathead pygmy-stargazer)
                  |  `--o Crapatalus [3]
                  |     |-- C. angusticeps (Hutton, 1873) (Slender stargazer)
                  |     |-- C. munroi Last & Edgar, 1987 (Robust pygmy-stargazer)
                  |     `-- C. novaezelandiae Günther, 1861
                  `--+-- Ammodytidae (tuulenkalat; sand lances) [5/18]
                     `--+-- Trachinidae (louhikalat) [Nelson: 2/4] [FB: 2/8]
                        `-- Uranoscopidae (taivaantähystäjät; stargazers) [N: 8/50] [FB: 7/44]

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