After Carroll, 1988, and Nelson, 1994, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]1
<==o “Zoarciformes” (kivinilkkakalat) |--+-- Zoarcoidei (kivinilkkamaiset) | `?- Notothenoidei (jääkalamaiset) `--o Trachinoidei (tähystäjämäiset) |?-o Pholidichthys [Pholidichthyidae] [2] | |-- P. anguis Springer & Larson, 1996 | `-- P. leucotaenia Bleeker, 1856 (Convict blenny) |?-o Trichodontidae (hietatähystäjät) | |-- Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner, 1881) (Sailfin sandfish) | `-- Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius, 1813) (Pacific sandfish) |-- Cheimarrhyichthys fosteri [Cheimarrhyichthyidae] (nuoliaisahvenet) `--+-- Pinguipedidae [Parapercidae] (sandperches) `--+--+-- Percophidae (duckbills) [N: 13/40 ] [FB: 9/33] | |-- Creediidae [Limnichthyidae] (sandburrowers) [N: 7/16] [FB: 6/13] | `-- Trichonotidae (kaivautujakalat; sanddivers) [N: 1/6] [FB: 1/8] `--+--+-- Chiasmodontidae (nielijätähystäjät) [4/15] | `-- Champsodontidae (ahmattikalat; sabre-gills) [N: 1/6] [FB: 1/13] `--+--o Leptoscopidae (tähystäjät; southern sandfishes) [N: 2/4] [FB: 3/5] | |-- Leptoscopus macropygus (Richardson, 1846) (Estuary stargazer) | |-- Lesueurina platycephala Fowler, 1908 (Flathead pygmy-stargazer) | `--o Crapatalus [3] | |-- C. angusticeps (Hutton, 1873) (Slender stargazer) | |-- C. munroi Last & Edgar, 1987 (Robust pygmy-stargazer) | `-- C. novaezelandiae Günther, 1861 `--+-- Ammodytidae (tuulenkalat; sand lances) [5/18] `--+-- Trachinidae (louhikalat) [Nelson: 2/4] [FB: 2/8] `-- Uranoscopidae (taivaantähystäjät; stargazers) [N: 8/50] [FB: 7/44]
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600