After Carroll, 1988, Nelson, 1994, Fierstine, 2001, Monsch, Fierstine & Weems, 2005, and Fierstine & Starnes, 2005, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Xiphiidae Swainson, 1839 [Istiophoridae; Tetrapturidae; Scombridae: Xiphiinae sensu Monsch et al., 2005] (miekkakalat; billfishes) |?- †Acestrus L. Eoc. Eu. |?- †Brachyrhynchus Mioc. Eu. |?- †Coelorhynchus [Cylindracanthus, Glyptorhynchus] U. Cret. Eoc. As. NAf. U. Cret. Olig. Eu. Eoc. NA. |--o Xiphiinae Swainson, 1839 [Xiphiidae sensu Froese & Pauly, 2000; Scombridae: Xiphiinae sensu Monsch et al., 2005] | |--o Xiphias Eoc. WAf. Eoc. Olig. Eu. Pleist. NA. R. Oc. [Xiphiini Swainson, 1839] | | `-- X. gladius Linnaeus, 1758 (miekkakala; Swordfish) | `--o †Xiphiorhynchini Regan, 1909 | |-- †“Xiphiorhynchus” priscus (Agassiz, 1844) | `--o †Xiphiorhynchus van Beneden, 1871 [taxonomic history] Paleoc. Plioc. NAf. Eoc. WAf. L. Eoc. Mioc. Eu. | |-- †X. aegypticus Weiler, 1929 | |-- †X. elegans van Beneden, 1871 | |-- †X. eocaenicus (Woodward, 1901) | |?- †X. homalorhamphus (Cope, 1869) [nomen dubium, type lost] | |?- †X. hungaricus Weiler, 1943 [nomen dubium, type lost] | |-- †X. kimblalocki Fierstine & Applegate, 1974 | |-- †X. parvus Casier, 1966 | |-- †X. priscus (Agassiz, 1834) | |-- †X. rupeliensis (Leriche, 1909) | `-- †X. rotundus (Woodward, 1901) [taxonomic history] `--o Istiophorinae [Histiophoridae, Istiophoridae] (purjekalat) [3/11] |?- †“Istiophorus” solidus (Van Beneden, 1871) |--o Istiophorus Lacépède, 1801 [Histiophorus Cuvier, 1832] U. Cret. Mioc. NA. Eoc. Plioc. Eu. R. Oc. ()? [2] | |-- †I. calvertensis Berry, 1917 | |--+-- I. sp. cf.I. platypterus [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Fierstine, 2001] | | `-- I. platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) or (Shaw, 1792) (Indo-Pacific sailfish) | |?- I. herschelli (Gray, 1838) [Histiophorus herschelli] | `-- I. albicans (Latreille, 1804) (purjekala; Atlantic sailfish) |--o Tetrapturus Rafinesque, 1810 [†Pseudohistiophorus De Buen, 1950; †Pseudotetrapturus Danil'chenko, 1960] Eoc. Eu. R. Oc. [6] | |--+-- †T. sp. cf. T. albidus [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Fierstine, 2001] | | `-- T. albidus Poey, 1860 (Atlantic white marlin) | |-- T. angustirostris Tanaka, 1915 (shortbill spearfish) | |-- T. audax (Philippi, 1887) (striped marlin) | |-- T. belone Rafinesque, 1810 (välimerenmarliini; mediterranean spearfish) | |-- T. georgii Lowe, 1841 (Roundscale spearfish) | `-- T. pfluegeri Robins & de Sylva, 1963 (longbill spearfish) `--o Makaira Lacépède, 1802 (marliinit) [3] |?- †M.? sp. [cf. Makaira] |-- †M. purdyi Fierstine, 1990a |-- †M. belgicus (Leriche, 1929) |-- †M. courcelli (Arambourg, 1927) |-- †M. panamensis Fierstine, 1978 |-- †M. teretirostris (Van Beneden, 1871) [†Brachyrhynchus vanbenedensis Lawley, 1876] |-- †M. sp. indet. M. nigricans or M. indica [Fierstine, 2001] |-- M. mazara (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) (Indo-Pacific blue marlin) |--+-- †M. sp. cf. M. nigricans [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Fierstine, 2001] | `-- M. nigricans Lacépède, 1802 (Atlantic blue marlin) `--+-- †M. sp. cf. M. indica [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Fierstine, 2001] `-- M. indica (Cuvier, 1832) (Black marlin)
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Fierstine, H. L., 2001: Analysis and new record of billfish (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) from the Yorktown Formation, Early Pliocene of Eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine. 21-69
in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J., 2001: Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: Vol. 90, iv-365 - Fierstine, H. L. & Starnes, J. E., 2005: Xiphiorhynchus cf. X. eocaenicus (Woodward, 1901), (Scombroidei: Xiphiidae; Xiphiorhynchinae) from the Middle Eocene of Mississippi, the first transatlantic distribution of a species of Xiphiorhynchus.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #2, pp. 280-287 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Gottfried, M. D. 1982: A Pliocene sailfish Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder, 1791)
from southern California.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #2, pp. 151-153 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano 1968 - Monsch, K. A., Fierstine, H. L. & Weems, R. E., 2005: Taxonomic revision and stratigraphic provenance of ‘†Histiophorus rotundus’ Woodward 1901 (Teleostei, Perciformes).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #2, pp. 274-279 - Murray, A. M. & Stewart, K. M., 2001: Late Eocene and Early Oligocene teleost fishes from Fayûm, Egypt.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 82A - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600