After Carroll, 1988, and Nelson, 1994, with recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Sparoidea Johnson, 1980 |?-o Menidae Gill, 1885 (kirveskalat) | |?- †Leiomene kapurdiensis Gupta & Yazdani, 1976; L.Eoc. Ind. | |?-o †Menidarum [otoliths] | | |-- †M. occultus Nolf & Bajpai, 1992 | | `-- †M. ornatissimus Nolf, 1985 | `--o Mene Lacépède, 1803 [?Gasteracanthus; ?Maena] Paleoc. Plioc. NAf. M. Eoc. Eu. R. Oc. [1 Recent species] | |?- †M. novaehispaniae Eastman, 1914 [nomen dubium, type lost] | |?- †M. sekharani Nolf & Cappetta, 1976 [otoliths] | |-- †M. rhombea (Volta, 1796) | |-- †M. oblonga Agassiz, 1833 [M. oblonga var. pusilla Bassani, 1889] | |-- †M. phosphaticus Astre, 1927 | |-- †M. triangulum Danil´chenko, 1968 | |-- †M. purdyi Friedman & Johnson, 2005 | `-- M. maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [M. anno-carolina] (kirveskala; Moonfish) |== Sparidae (hammasahvenet) [paraphyletic sensu Orrell, Carpenter, Musick & Graves, 2002 (incl. Centracanthidae)] |?-o Centracanthidae Gill, 1891 | |-- †Naslavcea fundata (Bannikov, 1990) Bannikov, 2006 [Spicara fundata Bannikov, 1990] Mioc. CAs. | |-- Centracanthus cirrus Rafinesque, 1810 (Curled picarel) | `--o Spicara Rafinesque [Coleosmaris; Merolepis; Pterosmaris Fowler; Smaris] Olig. R. Oc. | |-- †S. dionysii Arambourg, 1927 | |-- †S. islamdagica (Prokofiev, 2001) Bannikov, 2006 [Pelates islamdagicus Prokofiev, 2001] | |-- S. alta (Osório, 1917) (Bigeye picarel) | |-- S. australis (Regan, 1921) | |-- S. axillaris (Boulenger, 1900) | |-- S. maena (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blotched picarel) | |-- S. melanurus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Blackspot picarel) | |-- S. nigricauda (Norman, 1931) (Blacktail picarel) | `-- S. smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Picarel) |-- Lethrinidae (keisariahvenet; emperors, emperor breams) `-- Nemipteridae (viiriahvenet; thread breams)
Reference(s):
- Bannikov, A. F., 2006: On the Miocene Centracanthidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the eastern Paratethys. –Paleontological Journal: Vol. 40, #1, pp. 95-97
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Friedman, M. & Johnson, G. D., 2005: A new species of Mene (Perciformes: Menidae) from the Paleocene of South America, with notes on paleoenviroment and a brief review of menid fishes.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #4, pp. 770-783 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968. - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600 - Orrell, T. M., Carpenter, K. E., Musick, J. A. & Graves, J. E., 2002: Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the Sparidae (Perciformes; Percoidei) from cytochrome b sequences.
–Copeia: Vol. 102, #3, pp. 618-631