After Li, Grande & Wilson, 1997
<==o Osteoglossoidei Regan, 1909 [Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1832 sensu Li, Grande & Wilson, 1997] (arapaimamaiset) |?- †Eurychir lindleyi L.Cret. NAm. Paleoc.-Eoc. NAf. |?-o †Genartina Schubert, 1916 Eoc.NAm. | |-- †G. hampshirensis Schubert, 1916 | `-- †G. texana Frizzell & Dante, 1965 |--o Heterotididae Nelson, 1968 [Arapaimidae; Heterotidinae Nelson, 1968 sensu Li, Grande & Wilson, 1997] [incl. Dercetidae??] (arapaimat) | |--+?- †Chandlerichthys strickeri Grande, 1986; L.Cret. NNA. | | `-- †Laeliichthys ancestralis Silva Santos, 1985; E.Cret. SAm. | `--+--o †Joffrichthys Li & Wilson, 1996; Paleoc. NA. | | |-- †J. symmetropterus Li & Wilson, 1996 | | `-- †J. triangulpterus Newbrey & Bozek, 2000 | `--+-- †Sinoglossus lushanensis Su, 1986; Eoc. EAs. | `--+--+?- †Laeliichthys [alternative phylogenetic position] | | `--+?- †Paradercetis kipalaensis Casier, 1965 | | `-- Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) Rüppell, 1828 [Clupisudis] (afrikanarapaima; Heterotis) | `--o Arapaima Müller, 1843 [Sudis G. Cuvier, 1816 (preoccupied); Vastres Valenciennes, 1847] (arapaimas'; arapaimat) | |-- †A. sp.; Mioc. NWSAm. | `--+-- A. mapae (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847) (Amapá arapaima; amapanarapaima) [only known from type] | |-- A. agassizii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847) (Agassiz' arapaima; agassizinarapaima) [only known from type which has been destroyed, based on literature] | |-- A. arapaima (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847) (arapaima; pirarucú) | |-- A. leptosoma Stewart, 2013b (slender arapaima; hoikka-arapaima) | |-- A. sp. [Stewart, 2013b] | `-- A. gigas Schinz, in Cuvier, 1822 [Sudis gigas Schinz, in Cuvier, 1822; Vastres cuvieri Valenciennes, 1847] (giant arapaima; isoarapaima) [only known from type] `--o Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1832 [non 1850?] [Osteoglossinae Bonaparte, 1832 sensu Li, Grande & Wilson, 1997] |--+-- Pantodon buchholzi Peters, 1877 [Pantodontidae] (perhoskala; Freshwater butterflyfish) | |-- †Chauliopareion mahengeense Murray & Wilson, 2005 | `--+-- †Singida jacksonoides Greenwood & Patterson, 1967; Eoc. EAf. [Singididae Greenwood & Patterson, 1967] | `--o Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1832 sensu stricto [Osteoglossinae Bonaparte, 1832] (arawanat) | |--o Scleropages Günther, 1864 Olig. R. EInd. Mioc. R. Aus. (kaukoidän arawanat) | | |-- S. formosus (Schlegel & Müller, 1839-1844) (aasianarawana; Asian bonytongue) | | |-- S. jardinii (Saville-Kent, 1892) (australianarawana; Australian bonytongue) | | `-- S. leichardti Günther, 1864 (täpläarawana; Spotted bonytongue) | `--o Osteoglossum Cuvier, 1829 (aitoarawanat) | |-- O. bicirrhosum (Cuvier, 1829) (hopea-arawana; arawana) | `-- O. ferreirai Kanazawa, 1966 (musta-arawana, eteläamerikanarawana; Black arawana) `--o †“Phaerodutidae” |?- †Phareodusichthys tavernei Gayet, 1991 |-- †Cretophareodus alberticus Lim, 1996 `--o †Phaerodus Leidy, 1873; M. Eoc. NA. Olig. Aus. [taxonomic history] |-- †P. testis (Cope, 1877) Grande, 1984 [taxonomic history] `--+-- †P. muelleri; Paleoc. NAf. Eoc. Eu. [taxonomic history] `--+-- †P. queenlandicus (Hills) [taxonomic history] `-- †P. encaustus (Cope, 1871) [taxonomic history]
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Castello, L. & Stewart, D. J., 2010: Assessing CITES non-detriment findings procedures for Arapaima in Brazil.
–Journal of Applied Ichthyology: Vol. 26, #1, pp. (49-56) [doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01355.x] - Cavin, L. & Forey, P. L., 2001: Osteology and systematic affinities of Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi Forey, 1997 (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 133, #1, pp. 25-52 - Grande, L. & Cavender, T. M., 1991: Description and phylogenetic reassessment of the monotypic †Ostariostomidae (Teleostei).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 11, #4, pp. 405-416 - Li, G-Q., Grande, L. & Wilson, M. V. H., 1997: The species of †Phareodus (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) from the Eocene of North America and their phylogenetic relationships.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #3, pp. 487-505 - Li, G.-Q. & Wilson, M. V. H., 1996: The discovery of Heterotidinae (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) from the Paleocene PaskaPoo Formation of Alberta, Canada.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #2, pp. 198-209 - Long, J. A., 1995: The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution.
–Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, pp. 1-223 - Lundberg, J. G. & Chernoff, B., 1992: A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arapaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia--Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications.
–Biotropica: Vol. 24, #1, pp. 2-14 - Murray, A. M. & Wilson, M. V. H., 2005: Description of a new Eocene osteoglossid fish and additional information on †Singida jacksonoides Greenwood and Patterson, 1967 (Osteoglossomorpha), with an assessment of their phylogenetic relationships.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 144, pp. 213-228 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994, XX-600. - Newbrey, M. G. & Bozek, M. A., 2000: A new species of Joffrichthys (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) from the Sentinel Butte Formation, (Paleocene) of North Dakota, USA.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #1, pp. 12-20 - Stewart, D. J., 2013a: Re-description of Arapaima agassizii (Valenciennes), a Rare Fish from Brazil (Osteoglossomorpha: Osteoglossidae).
–Copeia: Vol. 2013, #1, pp. 38-51 [doi: 10.1643/CI-12-013] - Stewart, D. J., 2013b: A New Species of Arapaima (Osteoglossomorpha: Osteoglossidae) from the Solimões River, Amazonas State, Brazil.
–Copeia: Vol. 2013, #3, pp. 470-476 [doi: 10.1643/CI-12-017] - Zhang, J.-Y., 1998: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of †Kuntulunia (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #2, pp. 280-300