After Grande, L., 1999, López, Chen & Orti, 2004, and Grande, T., Laten & López, 2004, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 and Lahti, S., Malmström, Koli, Leikola, Syrjämäki & Lahti, J., 1980
Alternative phylogeny after Nelson, 1994
<==o Esociformes (pike-like fishes; haukikalat) |-- †Palaeoesox fritzschei [primitive umbrid??] [Palaeoesocidae] `--o Esocoidei (hauensukuiset haukikalat) |?- †Proumbra |--o Umbra Olig. R. Eu. (mudminnows; koirakalat) [paraphyletic Umbridae: Umbrinae] | |-- †U. perpusilla | |-- U. krameri Walbaum, 1792 (Mudminnow) | |-- U. limi (Kirtland, 1841) (Central mudminnow) | `-- U. pygmaea (DeKay, 1842) (koirakala; Eastern mudminnow) `--+--o Dallia Bean, 1880 [Umbridae: Dallinae] (blackfishes) | |?- D. admirabilis [synon. to D. pectoralis?] | |?- D. delicatissima [synon. to D. pectoralis?] | `-- D. pectoralis Bean, 1880 (Alaska blackfish) `--+-- Novumbra hubbsi Schultz, 1929 (Olympic mudminnow) [paraphyletic Umbridae: Umbrinae] `--o Esocidae (pikes; hauet) |-- †Oldmanesox canadiensis |-- †Estesesox foxi `--o Esox Linnaeus, 1758 [Trematina] [incl. Lucius Geoffroy, 1767; Kenoza Jordan & Evermann, 1896; Mascalongus Jordan, 1878] Paleoc. R. Eu. As. NA. (pikes; hauet) |-- †E. tiemani |-- †E. primaevus |-- †E. aralensis |-- †E. borealis |-- †E. dispar |-- †E. papyraceus |?- †E. destructus |-- †E. sibiricus |-- †E. lepidotus [E. robustus] |-- †E. moldavicus |--o (Kenoza) Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (American pikes, pickerels; amerikanhauet) | |-- †E. (K.) kronneri | `--+-- E. (K.) niger Lesueur, 1818 (mustahauki; Chain pickerel) | `--o E. (K.) americanus (amerikanhauki, pickerel) | |-- E. (K.) a. americanus Gmelin, 1789 (Redfin pickerel) | `-- E. (K.) a. vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846 (Grass pickerel) `--o (Esox) Linnaeus, 1758 [incl. Lucius Geoffroy, 1767; Mascalongus Jordan, 1878] (Eurasian pikes, pikes, euraasianhauet) |-- E. (E.) masquinongy Mitchill, 1824 (Muskellunge, muskie; jättihauki) `--+-- E. (E.) reichardi [E. reichertii] Dybowski, 1869 (Amur pike; amurinhauki) `-- E. (E.) lucius Linnaeus, 1758 (Northern pike; hauki)
After Nelson, 1994
<==o Esociformes |-- †Palaeoesox fritzschei [primitive umbrid??] [Palaeoesocidae] `--o Esocoidei |--o Umbridae | |?- †Proumbra | |?- Dallia Bean, 1880 [Dallinae] | `--o Umbrinae | |-- Novumbra Schultz, 1929 | `-- Umbra Olig. R. Eu. `--o Esocidae |-- †Oldmanesox canadiensis |-- †Estesesox foxi `-- Esox [Trematina] Paleoc. R. Eu. As. NA.
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Grande, L, 1999: The first Esox (Esocidae: Teleostei) from the Eocene Green River Formation, and a brief review of esocid fishes.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #2, pp. 271-292 - Grande, T., Laten, H. & López, J. A., 2004: Phylogenetic relationships of extant esocid species (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) based on morphological and molecular characters.
–Copeia: 2004, #4, pp. 743-757 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - López, J. A., Chen, W.-e. & Ortí, G., 2004: Esociform phylogeny.
–Copeia: 2004, #3, pp. 449-464 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600