After Carroll, 1988, Nelson, 1994, and Lovejoy & Collette, 2001, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<== Belonidae (nokkakalat) [10 genera, 32 species] |?- Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) (Flat needlefish) |?-o Belone Plioc. Eu. Mioc. NAf. R. Oc. [2] | |--o B. belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (nokkakala) | | |-- B. b. belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (Garpike) | | |-- B. b. euxini Günther, 1866 | | `-- B. b. gracilis Lowe, 1839 | `-- B. svetovidovi Collette & Parin, 1970 |?- Petalichthys capensis Regan, 1904 (Cape needlefish) |?-o Tylosurus [5] | |--o T. acus | | |-- T. a. acus (Lacépède, 1803) (Agujon needlefish) | | |-- T. a. imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810) | | |-- T. a. melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) (Keel-jawed needlefish) | | |-- T. a. pacificus (Steindachner, 1876) (Pacific agujon needlefish) | | `-- T. a. rafale Collette & Parin, 1970 (Atlantic agujon needlefish) | |-- T. choram (Rüppell, 1837) (Red Sea houndfish) | |--o T. crocodilus | | |-- T. c. crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur, 1821) (Hound needlefish) | | `-- T. c. fodiator Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (Mexican needlefish) | |-- T. gavialoides (Castelnau, 1873) | `-- T. punctulatus (Günther, 1872) (Spotted long-tom) `--o Strongylura [14] [paraphyletic] |?- Strongylura anastomella (Valenciennes, 1846) |?- Strongylura krefftii (Günther, 1866) (Long tom) |?- Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850) (Banded needlefish) |?- Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) (Spottail needlefish) |?- Strongylura urvillii (Valenciennes, 1846) |--o Strongylura notata | |-- S. n. forsythia Breder, 1932 | `-- S. n. notata (Poey, 1860) (Redfin needlefish) `--+-- Scomberesocidae (makrillihauet; sauries) [Nelson: 4 genera, 4 species] [Fishbase: 4/4] `--+--+-- Strongylura incisa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Reef needlefish) | `--o Xenentodon [2] | |-- X. cancila (Hamilton, 1822) (Freshwater garfish) | `-- X. canciloides (Bleeker, 1853) `--+--o Platybelone argalus | |-- P. a. annobonensis Collette & Parin, 1970 (Annobon keeltail needlefish) | |-- P. a. argalus (Lesueur, 1821) (Keeltail needlefish) | |-- P. a. lovii (Günther, 1866) | |-- P. a. platyura (Bennett, 1832) (Keeled needlefish) | |-- P. a. pterura (Osburn & Nichols, 1916) (Baja California keeltail needlefish) | `-- P. a. trachura (Valenciennes, 1846) `--+--+--o Pseudotylosurus [2] | | |-- P. angusticeps (Günther, 1866) | | `-- P. microps (Günther, 1866) | `--+-- Strongylura senegalensis (Valenciennes, 1846) (Senegal needlefish) | `-- Strongylura timucu (Walbaum, 1792) Timucu `--+--o Strongylura sensu stricto? | |--+-- Strongylura fluviatilis (Regan, 1903) | | `-- Strongylura scapularis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) (Shoulderspot needlefish) | `--+-- Strongylura hubbsi Collette, 1974 | `--+-- Strongylura exilis (Girard, 1854) (Californian needlefish) | `-- Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) (Atlantic needlefish) `--+--o Belonion [2] | |-- B. apodion Collette, 1966 | `-- B. dibranchodon Collette, 1966 `--o Potamorrhaphis [3] |-- P. eigenmanni Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915 |-- P. guianensis (Jardine, 1843) `-- P. petersi Collette, 1974
Reference(s):
-
Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas - Fishes.
–Mergus, Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A.Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968. - Lovejoy, N. R. & Collette, B. B., 2001: Phylogenetic relationships of New World needlefishes (Teleostei: Belonidae) and the biogeography of transitionsbetween marine and freshwater habitats.
–Copeia: Vol. 101, #2, pp. 324-338 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. XX-600.