Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Altungulata

After Prothero & Schoch, 1989 and McKenna & Bell 1997

Note:

According to some authors, basal “perissodactylomorph” -families Meniscotheriidae and Phenacodontidae form a monophyletic taxon Phenacodonta.
McKenna & Bell, 1997, which I have decided to follow here, don't recognize this taxon.

<==o Altungulata [Paenungulata, ?Taxeopoda Cope, 1882]
   |--o “Perissodactylomorpha” [Phenacodonta sensu lato]
   |  |?- †Ocepeia daouiensis Gheerbrant & Sudre, in Gheerbrant, Sudre, Iarochene & Moumni, 2001
   |  |--o †Meniscotheriidae
   |  |  |-- †Ectocion osbornianus [Gidleyina, Prosthecion]
   |  |  `--o †Meniscotherium Cope, 1874 [Hyracops]
   |  |     |-- †M. tapiacitis
   |  |     |-- †M. robustum
   |  |     `-- †M. chamense Cope, 1874
   |  `--+--o †Phenacodontidae
   |     |  |?- †Phenacodontidae genera et species indet. L. Paleoc., SEAs. [McKenna & †Chow, 2001]
   |     |  |?- †Almogaver
   |     |  |?- †Eodesmatodon
   |     |  |-- †Paraphenacodus solivagus
   |     |  |-- †Tetraclaenodon puercensis [Euprotogonia; T. septentrionalis]
   |     |  `--+-- †Copecion brachypternus?
   |     |     `--o †Phenacodus
   |     |        |-- †P. primaevus
   |     |        |-- †P. vortmani
   |     |        `-- †P. trilobatus
   |     `--+?- †Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906 sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989 (arsinoiitheres)
   |        `--o “Perissodactyla” sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989
   |           |?- Hyracoidea Huxley, 1869 (hyraxes; tamaanit)
   |           `-- Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 sensu stricto [Mesaxonia sensu Prothero & Schoch, 1989] (kavioeläimet)
   `--o Altungulata sensu stricto [sensu McKenna and Bell, 1997]
      |-- †Loxolophidae [Arctocyonidae: Loxolophinae]
      `--+--o †Phenacolophidae
         |  |-- †Ganolophus
         |  |-- †Minchenella
         |  |-- †Phenacolophus
         |  |-- †Tienshanilophus
         |  `-- †Yuelophus
         `--o Uranotheria (norsunsukuiset ungulaatit)
            |?- †Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 (arsinoiitheres)
            `--+-- Hyracoidea Huxley, 1869 (tamaanit)
               `--o Tethytheria
                  |-- Sirenia Illiger, 1811 (seireenieläimet)
                  `--o Behemota
                     |-- †Desmostylia Reinhart, 1953 (desmostylit)
                     `-- Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 (norsueläimet)

Alternative phylogenies of Altungulata:

<==o Altungulata
   |-- †Loxolophidae
   `--+-- †Phenacodonta
      `--o Paenungulata
         |-- Perissodactyla
         `--+--o †Phenacolophidae
            |  |-- †Ganolophus
            |  |-- †Minchenella
            |  |-- †Phenacolophus
            |  |-- †Tienshanilophus
            |  `-- †Yuelophus
            `--o Uranotheria (norsunsukuiset ungulaatit)
               |-- †Embrithopoda
               `--+-- Hyracoidea (tamaanit)
                  `--o Tethytheria
                     |-- Sirenia (seireenieläimet)
                     `--o Behemota
                        |-- †Desmostylia
                        `-- Proboscidea (norsueläimet)

<==o Tethytheria
   |--+-- †Anthracobunidae
   |  `-- †Desmostylia
   `--+-- Sirenia
      `-- Proboscidea (norsueläimet)

Reference(s):

• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Court, N., 1990: Periotic anatomy of Arsinotherium (Mammalia: Embrithopoda) and its phylogenetic implications.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 10, #2, pp. 170-182
• Delmer, C., 2009: Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans.
  –Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 54, #4, pp. 561-580 [doi: 10.4202/app.2007.0036]
• Fischer, M. S., 1989: Hyracoids, the sister-group of perissodactyls. 37-56.
  in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
  –Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
• Froelich, D. J., 1999: Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactyls.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, #1, pp. 140 - 159
• Libed, S. A., Lucas, S. G. & Kondrashov, P., 2001: Anagenetic evolution of Tetraclaenodon, A Palaocene "condylarth" from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 73A
• Luo, Z.-X., 1991: Variability of dental morphology and the relationships of the earliest arctocyonid species.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 11, #4, pp. 452-471
• Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Iarochene, M. & Moumni, A., 2001: First ascertained african "condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: cf. Bulbulodentata and cf. Phenacodonta) from the earlies Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Marocco.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #1, pp. 107-118
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
• McKenna, M. C. & †Chow, M., 2001: New phenacodont-like mammal, Late Paleocene of China.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 79A
• de Muizon, C. & Cifelli, R. L., 2000: The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates.
  –Geodiversitas: Vol. 22, #1, pp. 47-150
• Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
  in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M. 1989: The evolution of perissodactyls.
  –Oxford University Press., New York. 1989, ix-537
• Thewissen, J. G. M. & Domning, D. P., 1992: The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 12, #4, pp. 494-504
• Zonneveld, J.-P., Gunnell, G. F. & Bartels, W. S., 2000: Early Eocene fossil vertebrates from the southwestern Green River basin, Lincoln and Uinta Counties, Wyoming.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 369-386