After Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013
Alternative phylogeny after Oliviera, 2006
Alternative phylogeny after Rubidge & Sidor, 2001, Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005, and Sidor & Hancox, 2006
Alternative phylogeny after Rowe, 1988, and Luo, 1994
<==o Eucynodontia Kemp, 1982 (advanced cynodonts and mammals) |--o †Cynognathia Hopson & Barghusen, 1986 [Cynognathoidea Seeley, 1908; Brink, 1963] | |--o †Cynognathidae Seeley, 1895 | | `--o †Cynognathus Seeley, 1895 [Cynidiognathus Haughton, 1922; Lycaenognathus; Lycochampsa; Karoomys browni Broom, 1903] | | |?- †C. longiceps (Haughton, 1922) [Cynidiognathus longiceps] | | |?- †C. ferox [Lycochampsa ferox] | | `-- †C. crateronotus Seeley, 1895 [?Cistecynodon parvus Brick & Kitching, 1953 (juvenile)] | `--o †Gomphodontia Seeley, 1895 | |-- †Diademodontidae Haughton, 1925 | `--+== †Trirachodontidae Romer, 1967 | `-- †Traversodontidae von Huene, 1936 [= Huene, v. Huene] `--o Probainognathia Hopson, 1990 sensu Oliviera, 2006 |-- †Lumkuia fuzzi Hopson & Kitching, 2001 `==o †Chiniquodontidae v. Huene, 1936 after Carroll, 1988 [incl. Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872 and Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975] [taxonomic history] |?- †Deccanodon maleriensis Nath & Yadagiri, 2007; U.Trias. Ind. |?-o †Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872 | |-- †Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons, 1857 | `--o †Microconodon Osborn, 1886 | |-- †M. sp. [Dykes, 2001] | `-- †M. tenuirostris Osborn, 1886 |--o Chiniquodontidae von Huene, 1936 sensu Abdala & Giannini, 2002 | `--o †Chiniquodon von Huene, 1936 [taxonomic history] | |-- †C. theotonicus von Huene, 1936 [taxonomic history] | `-- †C. sanjuanensis (Martinez & Forster, 1996) Abdala & Giannini, 2002 [taxonomic history] `--+--o †Probainognathidae Romer, 1973 | |?- †Lepagia gaumemsis Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 | |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016; Trias. SAm. | `-- †Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970 `--+--o †Ecteniniidae Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013 | |-- †Ecteninion lunensis Martinez, May & Forster, 1996 | |-- †Trucidocynodon riograndensis Oliveira, Soares & Schultz, 2010 | `-- †Diegocanis elegans Martínez, Fernandes & Alcober, 2013; L.Trias. SAm. `--o Prozostrodontia Liu & Olsen, 2010 |?- †Protheriodon estudianti Bonaparte, Soares & Schultz, 2006 |?- †Santacruzgnathus abdalai Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016 |-- †Prozostrodon brasiliensis (Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987) Bonaparte & Barberena, 2001 [†Thrinaxodon brasiliensis Barberena, Bonaparte & Teixeira, 1987] `==o “Therioherpetidae” Barberena & Bonaparte, 1975 [paraphyletic] |--o †Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 sensu stricto? | |-- †Charruodon tetracuspidatus Abdala & Ribeiro, 2000 | |-- †Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 [Theioherpeton lapsus calami] | `-- †Meurthodon gallicus Sigogneau-Russell & Hahn, 1994 `--+-- †Tritylodontidae Cope, 1884 `--+-- †Riograndia guaibaensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 [Riograndidae Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001] |--o †Pachygenelus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia Lees & Mills, 1983; Pachygenelius] [Tritheledontidae] | |-- †P. monus Watson, 1913 [?Pattsia likhoelensis Lees & Mills, 1983] | |-- †P. sp. cf. P. monus [Shubin, Olsen & Sues, 1994] [McCoy Brook Formation, Canada, North America] | `-- †P. broomi (Crompton, 1958) [Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958] `--+?- †Botucaraitherium belarminoi Soares, Martinelli & De Oliveira, 2014 `--+--o †Brasilodontidae sensu Oliviera, 2006 | |-- †Brasilodon quadrangularis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003 | `?- †Brasilitherium riograndensis Bonaparte, Martinelli, Schultz & Rubert, 2003 `-- Mammaliaformes Rowe, 1988 [Mammalia sensu Luo, 1994 [sensu lato]] (mammals and near-mammals; nisäkkäät)
Eucynodontia, not treated by Martínez et al. (2013):
“Chiniquodontoidea” Huene, 1936 [Tritheledontidae sensu Luo, 1994] †Alemoatherium huebneri Martinelli, Eltink, Da-Rosa & Langer, 2017; L.Trias. SAm. †Aleodon brachyrhamphus Crompton, 1955 †Eoraetia siegerti WO Dietrich, 1937; U.Trias. CEu. †Kunminia minima Young, 1947; L.Jur. SEAs. †“Hahnia” obliqua Godefroit & Battail, 1997 [generic name preoccubied (Dykes, 2001)] †Minicynodon maieri Bonaparte, Schultz, Soares & Martinelli, 2010 †Probelesodon sanjuanensis Martinez & Forster, 1996 [†Chiniquodon sanjuanensis (Martinez & Forster, 1996) Abdala & Giannini, 2002 [taxonomic history] †Chiniquodon brasilensis Barbarena, 1982 (status doubtful) †Gaumia Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 †G. longiradiata Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 †G.? incisa Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 †G. sp. †Dromatheriidae Gill, 1872 †Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons, 1857 †Microconodon Osborn, 1886 †M. sp. [Dykes, 2001] †M. tenuirostris Osborn, 1886 †Polonodon woznikiensis Sulej, Niedzwiedzki, Talanda, Drózdz & Hara, 2018; L.Trias. CEu. †Pseudotriconodon Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1984 †P. sp. Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1987 †P. wildi Hahn, Lepage & Wouters, 1984 †P. chattarjeei Lucas & Oakes, 1988 †Revaconodon tikiensis Datta, Das & Luo, 2004; L.Trias. Ind. ?†Tricuspes von Huene, 1933 [Tricuspis?] [also treated as Mammaliaform (Hahn et al., 1994)] †T. tuebingensis von Huene, 1933 †T. sigogneauae Hahn, Hahn & Godefroit, 1994 †T. tapeinodon Godefroit & Battail, 1997 †Ictidosauria Broom, 1929 [taxonomic history] †Therioherpetidae Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 [Chiniquodontidae in partim (Carroll, 1988)] [incl. Riograndidae Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001] †Charruodon tetracuspidatus Abdala & Ribeiro, 2000 †Meurthodon gallicus Sigogneau-Russell & Hahn, 1994 †Tritheledontidae Broom, 1912 [taxonomic history] †Tritheledon riconoi Broom, 1912 [Trithelodon ] †Chaliminia musteloides Bonaparte, 1978 [Chalimia, lapsus calami] †Diarthrognathus broomi Crompton, 1958 [Diarthrognathidae Crompton, 1958] †Elliotherium kersteni Sidor & Hancox, 2006 †Irajatherium hernandezi Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005
Nomina dubia & invalida:
†Pachygenelus milleri Chatterjee, 1983; U.Trias. SWNA. [parts of fish (Sidor & Hancox, 2006)]
After Pachero, Martinelli, Pavanatto, Soares & Dias-da-Silva, 2017<==o Eucynodontia |-- †Lumkuia `--+--o †Cynognathia | |--o †Cynognathidae | | `-- †Cynognathus | `--o †Gomphodontia | |-- †Diademodontidae | `--+== †Trirachodontidae | `-- †Traversodontidae `--o Probainognathia |-- †Ecteninion `--+-- †Chiniquodon `--+--o †Probainognathidae | |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi | `-- †Probainognathus `--o Prozostrodontia |-- †Protheriodon `--+-- †Prozostrodon `--+-- †Therioherpeton `--+--o †Ictidosauria | `--o †Tritheledontidae | |-- †Riograndia | `-- †Pachygenelus `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea `--+-- †Botucaraitherium `--+--o †Brasilodontidae | |-- †Brasilodon | `-- †Brasilitherium `-- Mammaliaformes Reference(s):
|
After Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke, 2016<==o Eucynodontia |-- †Lumkuia `--+--o †Cynognathia | `--o †Cynognathidae | `-- †Cynognathus `--o Probainognathia |-- †Ecteninion `--+-- †Chiniquodon `--+--o †Probainognathidae | |-- †Bonacynodon schultzi | `-- †Probainognathus `--o Prozostrodontia |-- †Protheriodon `--+-- †Prozostrodon `--+--o †Ictidosauria | `--o †Tritheledontidae | |-- †Riograndia | `-- †Pachygenelus `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea `--+-- †Botucaraitherium `--+--o †Brasilodontidae | |-- †Brasilodon | `-- †Brasilitherium `-- Mammaliaformes Reference(s):
|
After Oliviera, 2006<==o Eucynodontia |--o †Cynognathia | `--o †Cynognathidae | `-- †Cynognathus `--o Probainognathia |-- †Lumkuia `--+-- †Chiniquodontidae `--+--o †Probainognathidae | |?- †Lepagia | `-- †Probainognathus `--+-- †Tritylodontoidea `--+-- †Prozostrodon |-- Mammaliaformes |?-o †Dromatheriidae | |-- †Dromatherium | `-- †Microconodon `--o †Ictidosauria |--o †Brasilodontidae | |-- †Brasilodon | `-- †Brasilitherium `--+--o †Therioherpetidae | |-- †Charruodon | |-- †Therioherpeton | |-- †Meurthodon | `-- †Riograndia `--o †Tritheledontidae |?- †Tritheledon |-- †Chalimia `--+-- †Diarthrognathus |-- †Elliotherium |-- †Irajatherium `-- †Pachygenelus Reference(s):
|
After Rubidge & Sidor, 2001, Martinelli, Bonaparte, Schultz, & Rubert, 2005, and Sidor & Hancox, 2006<==o Eucynodontia |-- †Lumkuia |--o †Cynognathia | |--o †Cynognathidae | | `-- †Cynognathus | `-- †Tritylodontoidea `--o Probainognathia |?- †Ecteninion |--o †Probainognathidae | |?- †Lepagia | `-- †Probainognathus `--o Chiniquodontoidea |?- †Eoraetia |?- †Kunminia |?- †“Hahnia” obliqua |?- †Maubeugia |-- †Chiniquodontidae `--+--o †Therioherpetidae | |-- †Charruodon | |-- †Therioherpeton | `-- †Meurthodon `--+?- †Brasilodon |?- †Brasilitherium |--+-- †Prozostrodon | `-- Mammaliaformes `--o †Ictidosauria |--o †Riograndidae | `-- †Riograndia `--o †Tritheledontidae |--+-- †Chalimia | `-- †Elliotherium `--+-- †Diarthrognathus |-- †Irajatherium |?- †Tritheledon `-- †Pachygenelus |
After Rowe, 1988, and Luo, 1994<==o Eucynodontia |-- †Cynognathus `--o Probainognathia |--o †Probainognathidae | |?- †Lepagia | `-- †Probainognathus `--o Mammaliamorpha |-- †Tritylodontoidea `--o Chiniquodontoidea |-- †Chiniquodontidae `--+-- Mammaliaformes `--o †Tritheledontidae |-- †Chalimia |-- †Diarthrognathus |?- †Therioherpeton |-- †Tritheledon `-- †Pachygenelus |
Reference(s):
- Abdala, F. & Ribeiro, A. M., 2000: A new therioherpentid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Middle Triassic), Southern Brasil.
–Geodiversitas: Vol: 22, #4, 589-595 - Bonaparte, J. F., Ferigolo, J. & Ribeiro, A. M., 2001: A primitive Late Triassic “"ictidosaur” from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 44, #4, pp. 623-635 [doi: 10.1111/1475-4983.00194] - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Datta, P. M., Das, D. P. & Luo, Z.-X., 2004: A Late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India.
–Annals of Carnegie Museum: Vol. 73, #2, pp. 72-84 - Dykes, T., 2001: Triassic cynodonts: Chiniquodontoidea, an internet directory.
–iNet: http://home.nexgo.de/ktdykes/chiniq.htm - Dykes, T., 2001: Personal correspondence.
- Flynn, J. J., Parrish, J. M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W. F., Whatley, R. L., & Wyss, A. R., 1999: A Triassic fauna form Madagaskar, including early dinosaurs.
–Science: Vol. 286, 22 October, pp. 763-765 - Godefroit, P. & Battail, B., 1997: Late Triassic cynodonts from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (north-eastern France).
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 19, #3, pp. 567-631 - Kazlev, M. A., 1999: Trithelodontidae.
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/vertebrates/therapsida/Trithelodontidae.html - Luo, Z. 1994: Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters. 98-128.
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Martinelli, A. G., Bonaparte, J. F., Schultz, C. L., & Rubert, R., 2005: A new tritheledontid (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and its phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous non-mammalian eucynodonts.
–Ameghiniana: Vol. 42, #1, pp. 191-208 - Martinelli, A. G., Soares, M. B. & Schwanke, C., 2016: Two New Cynodonts (Therapsida) from the Middle-Early Late Triassic of Brazil and Comments on South American Probainognathians.
–Plos One: Vol. 11, #10, pp. (e0162945) [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162945] - Martínez, R. N., Fernandes, E. & Alcober, O. A., 2013: A new non-mammaliaform eucynodont from the Carnian-Norian Ischigualesto Formation, northwestern Argentina.
–Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia: Vol. 16, #1, pp. 61-76 [doi: 10.4072.rbp.2013.1.05] - Martínez, R. N., May, C. L. & Forster, C. A., 1996: A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #2, pp. 271-284 - Oliveira, É. V., 2006: Reevaluation of Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte & Barberena, 1975 (Probainognathia, Therioherpentidae) from the Upper Triassicof Brazil.
–Geodiversitas: Vol. 28, #3, pp. 447-465 - Pacheco, C. P., Martinelli, A. G., Pavanatto, A. E. B., Soares, M. B. & Dias-da-Silva, S., 2017: Prozostrodon brasiliensis, a probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of Brazil: second record and improvements on its dental anatomy.
–Historical Biology: in press [doi: 10.1080/08912963.2017.1292423] - Sidor, C. A. & Hancox, P. J., 2006: Elliotherium kersteni, a new trithelodontid from the lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) os South Africa.
–Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 80, #2, pp. 333-342 - Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Hahn, G., 1994: Late Triassic microvertebrates from central Europe. 197-213
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Sues, H.-D., Olsen, P. E. & Kroehler, P. A., 1994: Small tetrapods from the Upper Triassic of the Richmond basin (Newark Supergroup), Virginia. 161-170
in Fraser, N. C. & Sues, H-D. (eds.) 1994: In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994, x-435 - Sulej, T., Niedzwiedzki, G., Talanda, M., Drózdz, D. & Hara, E., 2018: A new early Late Triassic non-mammaliaform eucynodont from Poland.
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–Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: Vol. #32, pp. 449-480
Special thanks to:
Jos H. M. Dols, for gathering additional information and species.