After Shoshoni & Tassy (eds.), 1996, and Gheerbrant et al., 2002
Note:
Inclusion of the Indo-Pakistani family Anthracobunidae to otherwise African order Proboscidea is controversial. See Shoshoni & Tassy (1996) for discussion.
Basal proboscidean superfamily Barytherioidea is paraphyletic (Shoshoni & Tassy, 1996, Gheerbrant, et al. 2002).
<==o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Shoshoni & Tassy, 1996 (elephants and relatives; norsueläimet) |--o †Anthracobunidae | |-- †Hsanotherium parvum Ducrocq et al., 2000 | |-- †Indobune vastanensis Rose, Smith, Rana, Sahni, Singh, Missiaen & Folie, 2006; L.Eoc. Ind. | |-- †Ishatherium subathuensis Sahmi & Kumar, 1980 | |-- †Nakusia shahrigensis Ginsburg et al., 1999 | |-- †Pilgrimella pilgrimi Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958 [=? Anthracobune pilgrimi] | |-- †Lammidhania wardi (Pilgrim, 1940) Gingerich, 1977 | `--o †Anthracobune Pilgrim, 1940 | |?- †A. pilgrimi [=? Pilgrimella pilgrimi Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958] | |-- †A. pinfoldi Pilgrim, 1940 | `-- †A. aijiensis Kumar, 1991 `--+?- †Jozaria palustris Wells & Gingerich, 1983 `--o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Tassy & Shoshoni, 1988 |--o †Moeritherium Andrews, 1901 [Moeritheriidae Andrews, 1906] | |-- †M. lyonsi Andrews, 1901 | |-- †M. trigodon Andrews, 1904 | `-- †M. chehbeurameuri Delmer, Mahboubi, Tabuce & Tassy, 2006 `--o Barytherioidea Andrews, 1906 [paraphyletic] |-- †Phosphatherium escuilliei Gheerbrant, Sudre, & Cappetta, 1996 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992] `--+-- †Daouitherium rebouli Gheerbrant, Sudre, Cappetta, Iarochène, Amaghzaz & Bouya, 2002 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992] `--+-- †Numidotherium koholense Mahboubi et al., 1986 [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Shoshani & Tassy, 1992] `--+-- †Barytherium grave Andrews, 1901 [Barytheriidae] |?- †Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995) Delmer, 2009 [Numidotherium savagei Court, 1995] `--+-- Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988 `--o †Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845 sensu Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 [Deinotherioidea Bonaparte, 1845 (Osborn, 1921 nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845)] |-- †Chilgatherium harrisi Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 [Chilgatheriinae Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004] `--o †Deinotheriinae Bonaparte, 1845 (Sanders, Kappelman & Rasmussen, 2004 nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845) |--o †Prodeinotherium Ehik, 1930 | |?- †P. orlovii (Sahni & Tripathi, 1957) [?=> P. pentapotamiae Falconer, 1868] | |-- †P. bavaricum (von Meyer, 1831) Ehik, 1930 | |-- †P. hobleyi (Andrews, 1911) Harris, 1973 | `-- †P. pentapotamiae `--o †Deinotherium Kaup, 1829 |?- †D. levius |-- †D. giganteus Kaup, 1829 |?- †D. gigantissimum |-- †D. bozasi Arambourg, 1934 [D. giganteus Kaup, 1829: D. hopwoodi Osborn, 1936] `-- †D. indicum Falconer, 1845
Alternative phylogenies of basal proboscideans:
After Delmer, 2009<==o Proboscidea sensu Delmer, 2009 |-- †Phosphatherium `--+-- †Daouitherium `--+-- †Numidotherium `--+-- †Barytherium `--+-- †Arcanotherium `--+-- †Moeritherium `--+-- †Deinotheriidae `--+-- †Chilgatherium `-- Elephantiformes |
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Coppens, Y. & Beden, M., 1978: Moeritherioidea. 333-335.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Coppens, Y., Maglio, V. J., Madden, C. T. & Beden, M., 1978: Proboscidea. 336-367.
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Court, N., 1995: A new species of Numidotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from the Eocene of Libya and the early phylogeney of the Proboscidea.
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–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Rose, K. D., Smith, T., Rana, R. S., Sahni, A., Singh, H., Missiaen, P. & Folie, A., 2006: Early Eocene (Ypresian) continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthrocobunid (Mammalia, Tethytheria).
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–Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, xxx - 472 - Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M. & Hussain, S. T., 2001: Eocene mammals faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan
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