After Caldwell & Lee, 1997, Zaher, 1998, Scanlon, & Lee, 2000, Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000, Zaher & Rieppel, 2002, Rieppel, Kluge & Zaher, 2002, and Kelly, Barker, Villet, & Broadley, 2009, with Recent species from Uetz, Etzold & Chenna, 1995– [“The Reptile Database”]
Alternative phylogeny of Caenophidia after Gravlund, 2001
<==o Macrostomata Ritgen, 1828 (?Müller, 1831) |?-o †Helagras Cope, 1883 | |-- †H. prisciformis Cope, 1883 | `-- †H. orellanensis Holman, 1983 |-- Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 [incl. Loxocemus sumichrasti Bocourt, 1876] [Loxocemidae Cope, 1861] (Mexican Burrowing Python) `--+--o Xenopeltis Boie, 1826 [Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845] (Sunbeam Snakes; välkekäärmeet) | |-- X. hainanensis Hu & Zhao, 1972 | `-- X. unicolor Reinwardt, 1827 [incl. Xenopeltis leucocephala Reinwardt, in Boie, 1827] (Sunbeam Snake; välkekäärme) `--+?-o †"Pachyrhachidae" sensu Zaher, 1998, Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000 and Zaher & Rieppel, 2002 | |-- †Podophis descouensi Rage & Escuiillié, 2000 | |-- †Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, 1980? [Ophiomorphus colberti, Estesius colberti] | `-- †Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000 |?- †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter, 1961 sensu Rieppel, Kluge & Zaher, 2002 `--+-- Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 (true pythons; pytonkäärmeet) `--+-- Boidae Gray, 1825 (true boas; boat) `==o Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 [polyphyletic] |?-o †Dunnophis McGrew et al. 1959 | |-- †D. michroechinus McGrew et al. 1959 | |-- †D. matronensis Rage 1973 | `-- †D. cadurcensis Rage 1974 |?-o †Platyspondylia Rage, 1974 | |-- †P. lepta Rage, 1974 | |-- †P. sudrei Rage, 1988 | `-- †P. germanica Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 |--o Ungaliophis Müller, 1880 [Ungaliophiinae (Cope, 1894) McDowell, 1987] | |-- U. continentalis Müller, 1880 (Isthmian Dwarf Boa) | `-- U. panamensis Schmidt, 1933 [incl. Ungaliophis danieli Prado, 1940] (Panamanian Dwarf Boa) `--+-- Exiliboa placata Bogert, 1968 (Oaxacan Dwarf Boa) [Ungaliophiinae (Cope, 1894) McDowell, 1987] `--+--o Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 [Bolyerioidea McDowell, 1987] (Mauritius Ground Boas) | |-- †Bolyeria multocarinata (Boie, 1827) Gray, 1849 (Mauritius Burrowing Boa) | `-- Casarea dussumieri (Schlegel, 1837) Gray, 1842 (Mauritius Ground Boa) `--+-- †Kataria anisodonta Scanferla, Zaher, Novas, de Muizon & Céspedes, 2013 `--+-- Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951: Tropidophiinae Brongersma, 1951 `--o Caenophidia (poisonous snakes; myrkkykäärmeet) |?- †Thaumastophis missiaeni Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & Smith, 2008; E.Eoc. Ind. |?- †Caenophidia genera et species indet. A; E.Eoc.. Ind. (Rage et al., 2008) |?- †Caenophidia genera et species indet. B; E.Eoc.. Ind. (Rage et al., 2008) |--o Acrochordoidea (käsnäkäärmeidensukuiset käärmeet) | |?-o †Nigerophidae Rage, 1975? | | |?- †Nigerophidae genera et species indet. [L.Cret. Ind.] [Rage, Prasad & Bajpai, 2004] | | |?- †Indophis sahnii Rage & Prasad, 1992; L.Cret. Ind. | | |-- †Woutersophis novus Rage, 1980; Eoc. WEu. | | `--+-- †Nigerophis mirus Rage, 1975; Pal. WAf. | | `-- †Nubianophis afaahus Rage & Werner, 1999; L.Cret. NEAf. | `--o Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Wart snakes, File Snakes; käsnäkäärmeet, viilakäärmeet) | `--o Acrochordus Hornstedt, 1787 (Wart snakes, käsnäkäärmeet) | |-- A. javanicus Hornstedt, 1787 (Javan file snake; jaavankäsnäkäärme) | |-- A. granulatus (Schneider, 1799) (Little filesnake; kölikäärme) | `-- A. arafurae McDowell, 1979 (Arafura filesnake) `--o Columbroidea [Caenophidia sensu stricto] (myrkkykäärmeet) |?- †Anomalophis bolcensis (Massalongo, 1859) Auffenberg, 1959 [Archaeophis bolcensis Massalongo, 1859] [Anomalophidae Auffenberg, 1959] |?- †Procerophis sahnii Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & Smith, 2008; E.Eoc. Ind. |?-o †Russellophidae Rage, 1978 | |?- †Russellophidae indet.; Eoc. Eu. | |?- †Russellophidae genera et species indet.; Pal. SA. | |?- †Russellophidae genera et species indet.; E.Eoc.. Ind. (Rage et al., 2008) | |-- †Krebsophis thobanus Rage & Werner, 1999; L.Cret. NEAf. | `--o †Russellophis Rage, 1975; E.Eoc. Ind. Eu. | |-- †R. sp. | |-- †R. tenuis Rage, 1975 | `-- †R. crassus Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & Smith, 2008; E.Eoc. Ind. `--+--o Pareatidae | |-- Aplopeltura boa (Boie, 1828) | |--o Asthenodipsas | | |-- A. laevis (Boie, 1827) | | |-- A. malaccanus Peters, 1864 | | `-- A. vertebralis (Boulenger, 1900) | `--o Pareas | |-- P. boulengeri (Angel, 1920) | |-- P. carinatus (Boie, 1828) | |-- P. chinensis (Barbour, 1912) | |-- P. formosensis (van Denburgh, 1909) | |-- P. hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905) | |-- P. iwasakii (Maki, 1937) | |-- P. margaritophorus (Jan, 1866) | |-- P. monticola (Cantor, 1839) | |-- P. nigriceps Guo & Deng, 2009 | |-- P. nuchalis Boulenger, 1900 | `-- P. stanleyi (Boulenger, 1914) |--o Opisthoglypha (kääntyvähampaiset myrkkykäärmeet: poisonous snakes with turnable fangs) | `-- Viperidea Oppel, 1811 (kyykäärmeet; vipers & rattlesnakes) `--o Proteroglypha (kiinteähampaiset myrkkykäärmeet; poisonous snakes with fixed fangs) |==o Colubridae (tarhakäärmeet) [paraphyletic] | |-- Xenodontinae | `--+-- Colubrinae | `--+--o Grayia [Grayiinae] | | |-- G. caesar (Günther, 1863) | | |-- G. ornata (Bocage, 1866) | | |-- G. smithii (Leach, 1818) | | `-- G. tholloni Mocquard, 1897 | `-- Natricinae `--+-- Homalopsidae `--o Elapoidea Boie, 1827 sensu Kelly et al, 2009 [Elapidae Boie, 1827 sensu lato] (myrkkytarhakäärmeet) |--+--+-- Atractaspididae Günther, 1858 [incl. Aparallactinae Bourgeois, 1968, Viperidae: Atractaspidinae Günther, 1858] (maakyyt; Stiletto Snakes, Mole Vipers) | | `--+--o Buhoma [Colubridae: “Boodontinae” in partim] | | | |-- B. depressiceps (Werner, 1897) | | | |-- B. procterae (Loveridge, 1922) | | | `-- B. vauerocegae (Tornier, 1902) | | `--o Psammodynastes [Colubridae: ?Colubrinae] | | |-- P. pictus Günther, 1858 | | `-- P. pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) | `--+--o Micrelaps | | |-- M. bicoloratus Sternfeld, 1908 | | |-- M. boettgeri Boulenger, 1896 | | |-- M. muelleri Boettger, 1880 | | |-- M. tchernovi Werner, Babocsay, Carmely & Thuna, 2006 | | `-- M. vaillanti (Mocquard, 1888) | `--+--o Pseudaspididae Dowling & Duellman, 1978 sensu Kelly et al., 2009 [Colubridae: “Boodontinae” in partim] (Afrikan mole and keeled snakes) | | |-- Pseudaspis cana (Linnaeus, 1758) Fitzinger, 1843 | | `-- Pythonodipsas carinata Günther, 1868 | `-- Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 sensu Kelly et al., 2009 [Colubridae: “Boodontinae” in partim] (African nocturnal snakes) `--+--+--o Oxyrhabdium | | |-- O. leporinum (Günther, 1858) | | `-- O. modestum (Duméril, 1853) | `-- Elapidae Boie, 1827 [incl. Hydrophiidae] (myrkkytarhakäärmeet) `--+-- Psammophiidae Bourgeois, 1969 sensu Kelly et al., 2009 [Colubridae: “Boodontinae” in partim] (African sand snakes and relatives) `--+-- Prosymna Gray, 1849 [Prosymnidae Kelly et al., 2009] (African shovel-snout snakes) `-- Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling, 1975 sensu Kelly et al., 2009 [Elapidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae]
After Scanferla, Zaher, Novas, de Muizon & Céspedes, 2013<==o Macrostomata |-- Xenopeltis `--+-- Loxocemus `--+--o “Boo'oidea” | |-- Ungaliophiidae | `--o Boidae | |-- Erycinae | `--+-- Pythoninae | `-- Boinae `--+-- Bolyeriidae `--+-- †Kataria `--+-- Tropidophiidae `--+-- Acrochordidae `-- Caenophidia |
After Gravlund, 2001<==o Caenophidia |--o Psammophiidae | |--+-- Malpolon | | `-- Rhamphiophis | `--+-- Psammophis | `--+-- Psammophylax | `-- Hemirhagerrhis `--+--+-- Mehelya | |-- Lycodonomorphus | |-- Xenodon | |-- Micrurus | |-- Micruroides | |-- Naja | |-- Ophiophagus | |-- Bungarus | `--o Atractaspididae | |-- Atractaspis | `-- Lamprophis `--+--+-- Enhydris | `-- Viperidea `--+-- Natricinae `--+--+-- Dipsas | `-- Farancia `--+--+-- Gonyosoma | `-- Elaphe [Elaphinae??] `--+-- Lycodon [Lycodontinae] `--+--+-- Thelotornis | `-- Boica `--+--+-- Crotaphopeltis tornieri | `--+-- Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia | `-- Telescopus `--o ?Dasypeltinae |-- Dasypeltis `-- Dipsadoboa |
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