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SESSIONS 41 to 80
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SESSION 41 International Differences in Economic Welfare: A Long-Run Perspective Organisers Han-Pieter Smits, Dr., Rijks Universiteit Groningen, The Netherlands Luis Bértola, Dr., University Montevideo, Uruguay Address J.P. Smits Rijks Universiteit Groningen Economische Faculteit PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands tel.: +31 50 363 3758 fax: +31 50 363 3720 e-mail: j.p.smits@eco.rug.nl Abstract In this session we'll try to tackle the problem as to why some regions or countries in the world have been able to achieve high levels of economic welfare and others not. For example: why have many East Asians economies been so successful in achieving high welfare levels while countries in South Asia and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa seem to be caught in a poverty trap? Normally this kind of research is restricted to a tight neo-classical framework, focusing on GDP/caput and explaining variations in welfare from differences in technological capabilities. We want to study this subject in a broader framework. First of all, we don't want to restrict ourselves to GDP estimates, but also focus on welfare issues such as income distribution and environmental damage. Besides, we want to extend the analysis by broadening the capital concept with natural and social capital. Research by the World Bank shows this approach is fruitful. Yet, economic historians still adhere to a (too) narrow capital concept. By including natural and social capital in the analysis we will shed a new light on the discussion as to why the rich countries are rich and the poor countries poor. Participants Location and time: Room 13 Main Building, 23 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 42 The Political Economy of Protectionism in the Periphery, 1870-1929 Organiser Graciela Márquez, Dr., El Colegio de México, Mexico Address Graciela Márquez El Colegio de México Centro de Estudios Históricos Camino al Ajusco 20 D. F. 01000, Mexico e-mail: gmarquez@colmex.mx Abstract In recent years, the literature on convergence and globalization have found that both industrialized and non-industrialized economies turned to protectionist policies at least from the last quarter of the 19th century up until 1914. For countries in Latin America and the European periphery, fiscal dependence on foreign trade taxes, exchange rate regimes, strategic trade practices, and industrialization programs played a significant role in shaping commercial policy in the period. The political economy of protectionism is then crucial to better understand why protectionism remained deeply entrenched in some economies between 1870 and 1929 in Latin America and Southern Europe. Participants
Location and time: Aud XIII Main Building, 25 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 43 Agricultural Commodities in the Intra-Asian Economy since the 16th Century Organisers A.J.H. Latham, Dr., University of Wales, United Kingdom Heita Kawakatsu, Prof., International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Japan Address A.J.H.Latham 2 Church Meadow Reynoldston Swansea SA3 1AF Great Britain tel.: +44 1792 390055 e-mail: A.J.H.Latham@btinternet.com Abstract A major theme to emerge in Asian economic history over the last twenty five years has been the concept of the intra-Asian economy. Rice was one major commodity of intra-Asian commerce. Burma supplied Ceylon and Singapore, Siam supplied Singapore and Netherlands India, and Indo-China supplied Singapore, Netherlands India, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. Hong Kong in turn shipped rice on to China. Even in the Colonial period, this intra-Asian trade continued, regardless of Colonial affiliations. Rice prices across Asia moved together in an integrated way. Many other agricultural commodities were also exchanged on an intra-Asian basis, and the purpose of this session is to examine these as well. Millet and sorghum were major grains in intra-Asian trade, and products such as cassava. There were ancient items like spices and tea, and commodities such as sugar and tobacco. There were industrial raw materials like cotton and gambier, and tree products like copra, from which coconut oil was derived, and there was palm oil. Rubber, and various timbers could also be considered. The incomes these products generated for Asian farmers were the source of demand upon which industrialisation and development was founded. Participants
Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 22 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 44 Identity, Globalization and Universality in the Eastern and Central European Economic Area – Evolutions and Involutions in the Modern and Contemporary Period. Experiences, Meanings, Lessons Organiser Dan Popescu, Prof., Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania Address Dan Popescu Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu B-dul Victoriei, no. 10 Sibiu 2400, Romania tel./fax: +40 269 235 879 e-mail: prorel@ulbsibiu.ro Abstract The above mentioned theme seems to me important if we regard it from the perspective of a troubled economic history in this part of Europe and of the world. In this area, especially from an economic perspective, the issue of identity reaching not only once peaks of exacerbated nationalism is directly related to globalization and universality, as they are often a sign of hidden interests and have overlapped generating multiple and contradictory results in the process of development, results yet insufficiently assessed. All these can be analyzed against the present background, the present period, a period of change but also of preserving good traditions, a time when the assessments themselves undergo new approaches and forms, not very different from those of the past, of the "classical" and "neo-classical" ones. How did these problems and approaches emerge, from a historical perspective, in the economic life of a number of states which, have tried and are still trying to be integrated in the European Union, in the Euro-Atlantic structures? It goes without saying that this integration is being conditioned not only by an economic evolution but also by a change in the economic mentality, and it also implies the interpretation, in a different manner, of the set of lessons and national and international concepts. How did the economic phenomena carry on in time, how did it influence the mentalities, and how did they merge, what impact did they have on the economic phenomena? How do such relations proliferate in the future, having in view the basis of the historical discourse? These are all issues, which can effectively shape the outline of a specific panel for the Helsinki Congress. Participants
Location and time: Room 10 Main Building, 24 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 45 History of Insolvency and Bankruptcy in an International Perspective Organisers Dieter Stiefel, Prof., Vienna University, Austria Karl Gratzer, Assoc. Prof., Södertörn University College, Sweden Address Dieter Stiefel Dr. Karl-Lueger-Ring 1 A-1010 Vienna, Austria tel.: +43 1 4277 413 14 e-mail: dieter.stiefel@univie.ac.at Abstract The session intends to deal with this problem in historical in international perspective from the beginning of modern market economy up to the presence. It wants to include the view of bankruptcy for the law, economics, business administration and its different meaning within the society and the business culture. Finally we want also include case studies for different time and different sectors of the economy. Bankruptcy is a conflict, which is part of the foundations of capitalism, thus we think that it is a topic of great interest in economic history. 2005 we will organize a pre-conference in Stockholm. Participants Location and time: Aud XIV Main Building, 24 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 46 Diseases and Environmental Changes in Modern Asia Organisers Kohei Wakimura, Prof., Osaka City University, Japan Wataru Iijima, Prof., Yokohama National University, Japan Address Kohei Wakimura Faculty of Economics Osaka City University Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka, 558-8585, Japan tel.: +81 6 6605 2285 fax: +81 6 6605 3066 e-mail: wakimura@econ.osaka-cu.ac.jp Abstract New infectious diseases have appeared and threatened human beings in the recent decades. The SARS is one of the new infectious diseases, which have originated in South China and is spreading to all over the world. It is said that these new diseases came about due to changes in the relationship between human beings and animals. We need an environmental perspective to understand these diseases. We see this session as providing an opportunity to study the history of diseases and their causal relationship with environmental change in modern Asian context. For instance, historic epidemics like cholera, plague, and malaria in a modern Asian context are mostly related to environmental factors. This session invites multi-disciplinary approaches from economic history, historical demography, medical history and environmental history. Also we invite many regional specialist historians on East Asia, South-East Asia and South Asia. Participants
Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 25 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 47 Risks at Work in Europe: Perception, Repair and Prevention (18th-20th Centuries) Organisers Philippe Minard, Prof., University of Paris 8, France Suzy Pasleau, Dr., University of Liège, Belgium Catherine Omnes, Prof., Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin, France Jean-Paul Barriere, Dr., University of Lille-3, France Address Philippe Minard IDHE, UMR 8533-CNRS Université Paris 8 Département d’histoire 2 rue de la liberté F-93526, Saint-Denis cedex, France e-mail: philippe.minard@ens.fr Abstract This session aims to address results from diverse researches on all the risks connected to the professional activity and to the health of the employees. She(it) aims also to compare the situations in the various European countries. The inquiry deals with industrial accidents, but also wear at work and the professional diseases, in the industry, the agriculture and the services. These questions must be addressed in a "longue durée" and a multi-field perspective (economy, law, medicine, physiology of the work). Special stress must be put on this comparative and interdisciplinary viewpoint. The notion of risk is obviously a social construction, and its definition is a stake in fights. It is so necessary to study the construction of the legal and scientific codifications in every country and within the international authorities, to see how are built the categories of recognized risks and the forms of prevention or repair accepted. The attitude of the various actors in front of occupational hazards varied. One will try to explain the ambivalent positions of the social actors, their differentiated perceptions of the risks and their attitudes in prevention. Participants Location and time: Room 15 Main Building, 23 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 48 Attractions and Experiences: The Uses of History in Tourism Development Organisers Auvo Kostiainen, Prof., University of Turku, Finland Taina Syrjämaa, Dr., University of Turku, Finland Address Auvo Kostiainen University of Turku Dept. of History FI-20014 Turku, Finland tel.: +358 2 333 5235 fax: +358 2 333 6560 e-mail: aukosti@utu.fi Abstract The past is presently a favoured element in travel and tourism, and it gets more popular with the growing interest in experience andadventure travel. We may see history items and images printed intravel and tourism brochures, guide books and journals, photographs, documentary movies and videos, literary descriptions,souvenirs, as well as the latest high tech experiments. Comments on historical information and persons are very frequently used as a part of cultural tourism. We propose a session to discuss the uses of historical past in the travel and tourist industry. The session would include a multidisciplinary approach inquiring for differing possibilities of history to be a part of travel and tourism. The discussion may concentrate on the 19th and 20th century travel industry practices. However, even more ancient topics may be chosen for comparison (e.g. medieval, grand tour or 18th century travel). Papers focusing on recent and future trends in travel and tourism may be considered, and non-Western viewpoints would be welcomed. Participants
Location and time: Room 14 Metsätalo building, 24 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 49 Energy and Growth in the Long-run Organiser Astrid Kander, PhD, Lund University, Sweden Address Astrid Kander Department of Economic History Lund University PO Box 7083, Lund, Sweden tel.: +46 462220841 fax: +46 46131585 e-mail: astrid.kander@ekh.lu.se Abstract The prime goal of this session is to illuminate the role of energy in long- term economic growth. Energy supply has clear importance in making growth possible, but also in determining the infrastructural and organisational possibilities and forms in which particular growth patterns emerge. However, the role of energy consumption as a consequence and a driver of growth is poorly researched compared to traditional factors capital and labour. The neoclassical framework has neglected the importance of natural resources, a situation only partly changed in the 1970s when society faced oil crises and became increasingly aware of energy constraints. Most quantitative research in the energy-growth field focuses on the last 10-50 years, but growth is a long-term process involving choices about investment, technological uptake and institutional structure with lasting consequences. A longer-term perspective will provide new alternative perspectives on the relationships of energy and growth than those developed on the basis of a limited number of energy carriers and covering only recent decades. Participants
Location and time: Aud XIV Main Building, 23 August 9.00-12.30 Back to top SESSION 50 Anthropometrics, Markets and Disease in Historical Standards of Living: Eurasian and American Countries Organisers Ken'ichi Tomobe, Prof., Keio University, Japan Deborah Oxley, Dr., University of New South Wales, Australia Address Ken'ichi Tomobe Faculty of Economics Keio University Mita, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8345 Japan tel.: +3 3 5427 1366 fax: +3 3 5427 1578 e-mail: tomobe@econ.keio.ac.jp Abstract This session aims to discuss the historical standard of living of the nineteenth to the early twentieth century world-wide. There has been considerable recent research in this area, in the development of anthropometric indices, diseases and public health, and market-related environments. Our session adds to these important developments and has the following three characteristics in particular. Firstly, our session is very comprehensive. We will show new data of heights, diseases and institutional responses to them, and price and wage movements during disasters and market integrations and will explore their mutual relations. Secondly, we will place the discussion in very comparative context. As shown in the list of presenters, our discussions cover over many countries and regions in the Eurasian and American areas. Examining the subjects above in Korea, European countries, Vietnam, Australia, Argentina and Japan, we will try to deepen our discussion globally. Thirdly our session is visually computerized. The organizers are developing an exciting new computer graphic tool, called the Rekisho Project, in which historical events and data can be represented three-dimensionally and chronologically. Most of the papers in our session will be shown by using this tool, together with some GIS technique. Participants Commentators: James Lee (USA), Cormac O’Grada (Ireland), Sunyoung Pak (Korea), Takao Matsumura (Japan) Location and time: Room 12 Main Building, 23 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 51 - cancelled SESSION 52 Long Run Change and International Comparisons: What the Global Prices and Incomes Project Can Tell Us Organiser Philip T. Hoffman, Prof., California Institute of Technology, USA Address Philip T. Hoffman Division of Humanities and Social Sciences HSS 228 77, Caltech Pasadena, CA 91125, USA tel.: +1 626 798 2347 fax: +1 626 405 9841 e-mail: pth@hss.caltech.edu Abstract The Global Prices and Incomes Project has harnessed an international team of scholars to collect and analyze data on prices and incomes from across the world and over a period that stretches from the twentieth century back into as the Middle Ages. Team members (who range from recent PhD’s to senior scholars) are gathering price and income figures in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas and putting all the data in standard metric units expressed in local currency and grams of silver. The prices will include not just goods such as food, which have been the staple of previous price series, but a host of other commodities and services, including non-tradeables such as housing. The resulting price and income series will be put on the web and they will make it much easier to make systematic comparisons across time and space. They can then be used to study market integration, changes in inequality, long run economic growth, and a host of other questions in economics and history. The session gives an overview of the project and provide initial results of research based on the data that has been collected. Participants
Location and time: Room 6 Main Building, 24 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 53 Cultural/Cross-Cultural Advertising and Promotion: The Nexus of Media, Culture and Economics Organisers Katherine G. Fry, Assoc. Prof., Brooklyn College, USA Jukka Kortti, Dr., University of Helsinki, Finland Address Jukka Kortti Department Of Social Science History University of Helsinki PO Box 54, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland tel.: +358 9 19124956 fax: +358 9 19124924 e-mail: jukka.kortti@helsinki.fi Abstract This session will examine the interrelationships of media, culture and economy, with emphasis on advertising strategies in particular. Each paper approaches the nexus of media, culture and economy through the lens of history. As print, film and electronic media developed throughout the Twentieth century they continuously exerted a powerful influence on the workings of culture, and vice versa. An important component of Finnish and American media has been advertising, whether as a means to finance content, or as a tool to promote media industries themselves. In either case advertising has played an important role in the development of media, and in shaping culture. The cultural impact of advertising historically can be measured in many ways: in terms of its content, its influence on behaviours, its impact cross-culturally, and its ability, as an economic and cultural activity, to dictate ways of understanding ourselves and others. The session organizers have formed a core set of issues around advertising, and session papers will expand along this central, unified theme. Participants
Location and time: Room 14 Main Building, 25 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 54 Women and Business Networks in Industrialising Europe, 1700–1900 Organisers Alastair Owens, Dr., Queen Mary - University of London, United Kingdom Jon Stobart, Dr., Coventry University, United Kingdom Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, Dr., University of Düsseldorf, Germany Address Alastair Owens Department of Geography Queen Mary - University of London Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom tel.: +44 20 7882 5401 e-mail: A.J.Owens@qmul.ac.uk Abstract While new institutional studies of business networks and social capital have opened up fresh perspectives on the economic history of industrialising northern Europe between 1700–1900, there remains a clear gender bias, both in the focus of empirical study and in the formulation and application of theory. This session seeks to place questions of gender more centrally in our analyses of the social and economic dimensions of business history. We invite papers of case studies that examine women’s roles in business networks in different European countries and in different economic sectors over the period 1750–1900. Topics might include the relationship between personal, family and business networks; the role of women in shaping inter-generational networks, or the link between networks, business practice or personal mobility/migration. We are also interested in how questions of gender might be incorporated into the theorisation of business networks, especially in relation to new institutional approaches. Finally, we seek papers that consider the significance of the study of business networks for understanding women’s economic agency. Can the study of the role of women in dynamic networks that transcend the categories of public and private, provide an alternative framework for understanding women’s economic power to the discredited ‘separate spheres’ thesis? Participants Location and time: Room 8 Metsätalo building, 22 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 55 The Modernization of Tax Systems in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula: a Comparative Perspective Organisers Carlos Contreras Carranza, Prof., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru Luis Jáuregui Frías, Prof., Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora, Mexico Juan Pro Ruiz, Prof., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Address Juan Pro Ruiz Departamento de Historia Contemporánea Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 1 28049 – Madrid, Spain tel.: +34 914 974 147 fax: +34 914 974 749 e-mail: juan.pro@uam.es Abstract Most of today’s Latin American fiscal systems face important problems that seem to be deeply rooted in the persistence of past structures with a high resistance to all reform attempts. This evaluation backs the project of tracing the historical origins of a global fiscal situation, characterized by the unjust distribution of tax burdens and the structural public sector deficits. A significant part of historical problems in Latin American and Iberian states can find an efficient set of explanations in the fiscal arena, given the large impact of tax systems in economic, political and social spheres. What we are aiming at is tackling all these questions with a long-run perspective, between the birth of independent national states, at the beginning of the 19th century, and today. And do so with a comparative approach, which enables us to identify analogies and differences in national historical experiences within the Latin American and Iberian area. Public finances have become a field of research developed very unequally by the different national historiographical traditions, in all the countries born out of the end of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Each of these historiographies has been constructed separately, even with a high degree of isolation. Our proposal tries to reverse this unproductive tendency and set the bases for a transnational debate. Participants Location and time: Aud XII Main Building, 22 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 56 The Economics of Latin American Labor Organiser James P. Brennan, Prof., University of California - Riverside, USA Address James P. Brennan Department of History University of California Riverside, Ca. 92521, USA tel.: +1 951 827 1992 e-mail: james.brennan@ucr.edu Abstract The study of Latin American labor is at a crossroads and this panel seeks to suggest new areas of research and also to establish a framework for dialogue with already established approaches. The panel explores the utility of studying Latin American labor by industrial sector and as a complement to the strictly cultural approaches which now dominate labor history, especially in the English-speaking world. It concentrates on the economics of labor broadly defined (labor markets, econometrics, industrial relations, production) and by specific industrial sector (mining, textiles, meatpacking, automobiles, steel, and oil) in order to highlight cross-national comparisons and to focus on material-related similarities rather than cultural peculiarities. A major purpose of the panel is to demonstrate the multiple dimensions of the labor economy, their effects on working people, and their importance in the research and writing of a more integrative labor history. Participants Location and time: Aud XIII Main Building, 24 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 57 Comparative Imperial and National Finance in a Modernizing World Organiser John F. Richards, Prof., Duke University, USA Address John F. Richards Duke University 1012 Gloria Avenue Durham, NC 27701, USA tel.: +1 919 688 8828 e-mail: richards@duke.edu Abstract The basic topic of this panel is that of comparative state finance - revenue, expenditure, budgeting, borrowing, reporting - during the last two to three hundred years. During this period states generally became more and more effective in controlling their finances and more sophisticated in their understanding of public finance. We also see a steady move toward expenditures on a much wider range of public goods such as public health and medicine, education, sanitation etc. There are many questions that can be addressed under this wide umbrella. For example, what is the trajectory and weight of public debt and to whom is the money owed? What is the trajectory and weight of military spending over time? What is the trend and scale of public goods investments? What about railway spending? What is the trend and size of the major categories of revenues? Are these sources regressive or progressive? Is the state well-funded or starved for funds? How transparent is fiscal reporting? What is the relationship between provincial revenues and expenditures and those of the central government? Are total revenues controlled by the center as in the case of India or is the central government weakened in this regard? Participants
Location and time: Room 12 Metsätalo building, 25 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 58 Making Global and Local Connections: Historical Perspectives on Port Economics Organisers Tapio Bergholm, Dr., University of Helsinki, Finland Lewis R. Fischer, Prof., Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada M. Elisabetta Tonizzi, Dr., University of Genoa, Italy Address Tapio Bergholm SAK PO Box 157 FI-00531 Helsinki, Finland tel.: +358 9 772 1339 mobile: +358 50 547 2771 fax: + 358 9 772 1373 e-mail: tapio.bergholm@helsinki.fi Abstract Structural change has always been one of the main questions addressed by economic historians. Ports, which are focal points of international, national and local economic development and change, have also been a staple of historical research. Yet the two strands have too often been divorced. This session aims to help to close this gap in the record of the past. Although economic activities and social relations are heavily dependent on the dynamics in a particular locale, first and foremost they reflect key issues in global economic development. This is exemplified well by the recent evolution of the world economic and transport systems. Beginning in the 1970s, globalisation, containerisation and intermodality led to the creation of a “door-to-door” transport system run by international multi-modal operators who are not linked to a particular port but rather choose the hub which can accommodate massive volumes, provide the best cargo handling and guarantee frequent and rapid connections to other ports and the hinterland. As a result of all these changes, port history has become a significant field of research to aid in our understanding of the historical transformation of economic, commercial, transport and technological networks, as well as industrial, social and urban relations. Interesting research projects from various temporal periods are now in nearing completion. Moreover, new research on port economics has deepened our comprehension of the complicated interplay between import and export markets, whether beyond the sea or closer at hand. This session aims to bring together a group of port historians interested in the kinds of issues outlined above. The pre-conference Port Economics - research from various periods and congress session will be co-sponsored by the International Maritime Economic History Association. The pre-conference, to be held on 18-20 August in Kotka, Finland, will also be co-sponsored by the University of Helsinki's Continuing Education Centre in Kotka, the town and port of Kotka, and the Provincial Museum of Kymenlaakso. Participants Location and time: Room 12 Main Building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 59 Cotton Textiles as a Global Industry, 1200-1850 Organisers Kent Deng, Dr., London School of Economics, United Kingdom Prasannan Parthasarathi, Prof., Boston College, USA Giorgio Riello, Dr. London School of Economics, United Kingdom Address Giorgio Riello Global Economic History Network Economic History Department London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom tel.: +44 20 7955 6482 fax: +44 20 7955 7730 e-mail: g.riello@lse.ac.uk Abstract The cotton industry has long been a central attraction for economic historians interested in explaining the dynamics of economic development and technological change. Their emphasis has, however, been upon the periods immediately before, during and after the Industrial Revolution. The histories of commerce and connexions between the producers and consumers of cotton textiles in Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe in the medieval and early modern periods remain underesearched. This session on ‘Cotton Textiles as a Global Industry’ will address world connexions across the industry by gathering together scholars with expertise on the long run histories of industries located in Europe, the Middle East, India, China and Japan. Although the secondary literature on some countries (e.g. Britain and India) is rich, much less is known about the production, trade and consumption of cotton textiles in the Ottoman Empire, China, West Africa, the Americas and the West Indies. For more information, including abstracts and short papers, please see the Cotton Research Project of the Global Economic History Network Session 59 will include the presentation and discussion of seven additional papers in the morning of Tuesday 22 August. The afternoon session will discuss all papers presented at the various meetings and will focus on three main topics: the comparative analysis of the world cotton industries; trade and consumption of cotton textiles; cotton textiles and the Great Divergence. Participants
Short versions of papers presented at previous meetings by participants listed below can be found at the Cotton Research Project -website. Takeshi Abe, Osaka University, Japan Huw Bowen, University of Leicester, UK Kent Deng, London School of Economics, UK Suraiya Faroqhi, Ludwig Maximilians University, Germany James Fichter, Harvard University, USA Sakis Gekas, London School of Economics, UK Negley Harte, University College London, UK Pat Hudson, University of Cardiff, UK Joseph E. Inikori, University of Rochester, USA Colleen E. Kriger, University of North Carolina, USA Beverly Lemire, University of Alberta, Canada Maureen Mazzaoui Fennell, University of Wisconsin, USA Patrick O’Brien, London School of Economics, UK Prasannan Parthasarathi, Boston College, USA Ulrich Pfister, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Germany Om Prakash, University of Delhi, India Olivier Raveux, CNRS, France Giorgio Riello, London School of Economics, UK George Bryan Souza, University of Texas, USA John Styles, University of Hertfordshire, UK Masayuki Tanimoto, University of Tokyo, Japan Ian C. Wendt, Washington State University, USA Harriet Zurndorfer, Leiden University, The Netherlands Location and time: Room 6 Metsätalo building, 22 August 9.00-12.30 and 14.00-17.30 Back to top SESSION 60 Agriculture and Economic Development in Europe since 1870 Organisers Pedro Lains, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Vicente Pinilla, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain Address Pedro Lains Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt 9 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal tel.: +351 217 804 769 fax: +351 217 940 274 e-mail: pedro.lains@ics.ul.pt Abstract The purpose of this session is to analyze the importance of agriculture in economic growth in the European countries which by 1870 still had a large agrarian sector. In order to asses the role of the agrarian sector in European economic development, we need to study in detail the growth of output, factor inputs and factor productivity. The fact that we are putting the available quantitative information together will make it possible to answer relevant questions regarding the contribution of agriculture to economic growth since 1870. What were the main cycles of agricultural output growth since 1870? What was the impact in output of the grain invasion and the growth of export markets? How did agriculture react to protection in the interwar period? What was the role of agriculture during the European golden age? What happened to the growth of labor force and labor participation rates? How did investment evolve and how did its composition change? Last and more importantly: How did labor, capital and total factor productivity performed? The discussion of these questions for a large number of countries and for a period of time that encompasses different epochs provides the needed framework for an assessment of the role of agriculture in economic development in the century from 1870 to the present. Participants Debin Ma (LSE, UK): conceptual issues, structural change, trade Cormac O’Grada (University College Dublin, Ireland): Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden Joerg Baten (U Tuebingen, Germany): France, Germany, Italy James Simpson (U Carlos III, Madrid): Portugal, Spain, Greece Alan Olmstead (UC Davis, USA): Hungary, Poland, Turkey Location and time: Room 13 Main Building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 61 Complementary Relationship among Monies in History Organisers Akinobu Kuroda, Prof., University of Tokyo, Japan Torbjörn Engdahl, Dr., Uppsala University, Sweden Address Akinobu Kuroda Institute of Oriental Culture University of Tokyo Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan tel.: +81 3 5841 5884 fax: +81 3 5841 5898 e-mail: kuroda@ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp or QZI06607@nifty.com Abstract Hicks recognized the coexistence of local currency and grand money. More recently Sargent and Velde have analyzed the independent behaviour of small change and large denominations within the same currency in early modern Europe. Meanwhile anthropologists and historians have accounted for the coexistence of multiple currencies in circulation in Africa, Asia, and Spanish America. The historical evidence of coexisting monies suggests that a currency or a denomination of a certain origin and description is not necessarily a substitute for another and that the acceptance of money is neither exclusively dependent on its intrinsic value nor on the formal backing of an issuing authority. Uncertain and unstable conditions for the conversion between various kinds of money indicate that the existence of multiple monies have a greater significance than what the notion of currency substitution embodies. This would then have implications both for the theoretical conceptualisation of the aggregated money supply and for the historical analysis of monetary, financial and fiscal institutions. This session seeks to analyze and compare cases of multiple monies in circulation in the history of Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe. The papers address the implications of the complementary use of multiple monies by looking at the causes and conditions for their coexistence and at the resulting effects for markets, trade circuits, agricultural cycles, credit creating institutions and for the elasticity both in the supply of and demand for money. Participants Location and time: Aud XII Main Building, 24 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 62 Factor and Commodity Prices: the Performance of the Less Industrialized Economies 1870-1939 Organisers David Greasley, Dr., University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Kris Inwood, Dr., University of Guelph, Canada John Singleton, Dr., University of Wellington, New Zealand Address David Greasley School of History and Classics University of Edinburgh 50 George Square Edinburgh, United Kingdom tel.: +44 131 6503838 fax: +44 131 6506645 e-mail: David.Greasley@ed.ac.uk Abstract We will report and discuss evidence of the rental-wage ratio for a range of countries, and consider a variety of themes surrounding the forces promoting or the consequences of factor and commodity price shifts among the less industrialized countries. These will include trade and transport costs, organizational changes in factor markets, industrialisation or its retardation, and income or wealth distribution. Our sample of countries had a variety of experience, and range from land abundant economies, for example Canada and Australia to natural resource scarce economies, for example Denmark and Japan. Some, including Uruguay and New Zealand, are countries of recent European settlement, others, including India are not, and in the former group, some are part of the English-speaking world, and others are not. The sample also has wide geographical spread, from the Asia-Pacific region, including Vietnam, to the Americas, including Argentina, Africa, including Ghana, and Europe. This diversity provides a basis for analysing the varied experience of factor and commodity prices shifts, their causes, and the consequences for economic performance and income distribution among less industrialised economies 1870-1939. Participants
Location and time: Aud XIII Main Building, 25 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 63 International Monetary and Financial Cooperation in the 20th Century. Markets, Policies and Institutions Organisers Catherine R. Schenk, Prof., University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Piet Clement, Dr., Bank for International Settlements, Switzerland Address Piet Clement Archives and Research Support Bank for International Settlements CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland tel.: +41 61 280 8281 fax: +41 61 280 9100 e-mail: piet.clement@bis.org Abstract In the course of the twentieth century the international monetary system has witnessed a number of seesaw changes. From the classical gold standard of the Belle Epoque to the unstable gold exchange standard of the interwar period, and from the post-1945 Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates to the era of floating after 1973. One of the perennial debates in economic history concerns the question of how much formal or informal cooperation the international monetary system requires, or indeed tolerates. Views on and practices of international monetary and financial cooperation have differed widely over the course of the century, largely dependent on the prevailing monetary regime. One aim of this session is to compare these different historical experiences over time (successive monetary regimes) and space (core and periphery), and thereby provide elements for a more comprehensive overview and assessment of international monetary and financial developments and policymaking during the twentieth century. This session will look in particular at the dynamic interaction between markets, government policies, national monetary authorities and international monetary institutions (IMF, BIS). Participants Location and time: Room 10 Main Building, 22 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 64 The Establishment of Modern Business Press Organisers Mats Larsson, Prof., Uppsala University, Sweden Håkan Lindgren, Prof., Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden Address Mats Larsson Department of Economic History Uppsala University PO Box 513, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden tel.: +46 18 4711232 fax: +46 18 4711223 e-mail: mats.larsson@ekhist.uu.se Abstract International research on media has often been focusing on the overall structure of this sector or on the journalistic content of publications. Comparatively little research has been done on the media companies and the establishment and functioning of markets. In this proposed session we which to develop research on media business history in general and on business press in particular. Business press in the Western economies were in some countries established already during the late 19th and early 20th century, when industrial development functioned as a catalyst for new publications. However a more general development of business press within developed economies, did not come about until after WW2 and especially after the 1970s. In this session the establishment of business press in relation to national and international economic development will be analyzed. What preconditions were necessary for the rise of business press in the late 19th century compared to later establishments? How did markets and readers change over time? In what way have globalisation and the growing importance of stock markets and financial intermediaries influenced the development of the business press? The role of family owned publishing houses in business press and the influence of ownership structures on developments will also be discussed. Participants
Krim Talia, Stockholm School of Economics Monica Löfgren-Nilsson, Gothenburg University Peter Eigener, Vienna University Christoffer Rydland, Stockholm School of Economics Location and time: Room 14 Main Building, 25 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 65 Proto-industrialization: Small Productive Units in Latin America and Peripheral Societies During the XIX-XX Centuries - A Comparative Economic History Reappraisal Organisers Carlos Rioja, University of Guadalajara, Mexico Humberto Morales, Autonomous University of Puebla, Mexico Address Carlos Riojas Department of Regional Studies University of Guadalajara Periférico Norte 799 Módulo M 2o Nivel Núcleo Universitario Los Belenes C. P. 45100, Zapopan Jalisco, Mexico tel.: +52 37 3770 3404, +52 37 3770 3300 ext. 5247 e-mail: criojas@cucea.udg.mx Abstract The theoretical perspectives to study the industrialization process are so varied, however, one of these approaches where the small production units (SPU) are taken as a central element in the analysis is the "proto-industrial" point of view. Even, the proto-industrialization (which could be understood as an unfinished process) not only is related to the SPU, but also it tries to scrutinize the different articulations and insertions into the productive regional systems through the time, especially theses relationships consolidated in the ancien régime. Therefore, we believe that it is essential to discuss about the nature and the mechanisms of persistence of the SPU systems in Mexico, Latin America and other so called "peripheral" societies during the XIX and XX centuries, trying to understand their participation in the industrialization process, understood it as a longue durée event. The symposium highlights as main task to debate in a comparative perspective as in the long run as in the different regional Latin American landscapes and peripheral societies, some of the principal characteristics of the SPU’s during the XIX and XX centuries. We will try to privilege the proto-industrial approach and compare this perspective with other points of view. A first particularity of the SPU’s has been its heterogeneity. A second one, the peculiar participation of the domestic group in the production process and commercialization. This productive units have constituted the social base of the industrialization process in Mexico and other Latin American countries, it is not so easy to locate them, but they are crucial in order to understand productive networks in the Latin American economies, as it has become evident through the time; moreover given their proper nature, it has been so complicated to identify the accurate proportion in whole industrial systems through the time. The SPU’s have acted in urban as well as rural milieu, based in their specific activities and insertion in the productive systems during the XIX and XX centuries. The informal economic activity (clandestinely) has been a third specificity, expressly in critical moments derived from the economic and political troubles. Participants
Location and time: Room 8 Metsätalo building, 25 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 66 A Bank for Poor. The Credit Upon Pledge and "Monti di Pietà" (XVth-XXIth Centuries) Organisers Paola Avallone, Prof., Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Italy Montserrat Carbonell Esteller, Prof., Universidad de Barcelona, Spain Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli, Prof., University of Bologna, Italy Address Paola Avallone Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies Italian National Council of Research Via P. Castellino, 111 80131 – Naples, Italy tel.: +39 8 16134086 fax: +39 8 15799467 e-mail: avallone@issm.cnr.it Abstract The project aims at exploring the need for small credit as solidarity, the culture that underlies the proposals for a solution to this need and the experiences put forward over the long term (XVth-XXIth centuries) and in different territorial realities (Europe and Latin America). The analysis will start from the first forms of public loans upon pledge in central and northern Italy in the late Middle Ages based in light of the most recent historiographic analyses as ante-litteram forms of popular micro-financing. The premises and the applicable forms of the loan and the development over the centuries will be studied. The present micro-credit carried out in many countries and presented as a novelty has instead deep roots and distant origins that will be explained by studying the foundation of the "Monti di Pietà" and their evolution in both Italian and foreign cities. The innovative aspect of the project consists in recovering the antecedents of the present proposals of ethical loans, which from their origins have presented solidarity as a business and the common good as an investment. It also consists in combining the study of the past with the study of the present, and in particular the forms of micro-credit proposed and realized in many countries and at the centre of the general interest having the United Nations declared 2005 the international year of micro-credit. Nowadays not much credit is given to the usefulness of history and this lack of recognition inhibits drawing lessons from experience and proceeding more swiftly along the path that others have already threaded before us. Participants
Location and time: Room 8 Main Building, 24 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 67 Public Houses and Economic Exchange in Western Europe c. 1500-1800 Organisers Thomas Brennan, Prof., US Naval Academy - Annapolis, USA Beat Kümin, Dr., University of Warwick, United Kingdom Address Beat Kümin Department of History University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom tel.: +44 2476 524915 fax: +44 2476 523437 e-mail: b.kumin@warwick.ac.uk Abstract Public houses are a lively field in early modern historiography. Recent studies emphasize their social and cultural role in different contexts. The economic importance of inns, taverns and alehouses, however, has attracted much less attention. The proposed panel offers a first comparative approach to this topic for Western Europe, where much ground work has already been undertaken. Key developments in early modern Europe, in particular the growth of spatial mobility, depended on a dense and constantly adapting network of public houses. Travelling merchants, pilgrims and diplomats relied on their infrastructure just as much as burghers and peasants, who used them for nourishment, sociability and a vast spectrum of economic activities. The area under investigation includes beer and wine regions, rural and highly urbanized landscapes as well as a variety of political contexts. Speakers will approach the theme from different angles: what types of economic exchange were associated with the early modern tavern? To what extent did the material culture of drink reflect and enhance the growth of a consumer society? How important were public houses for state finance in this period? An introduction and a commentary will sketch wider implications of the findings and priorities for future research. Participants
Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 23 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 68 Working in the Shadow. Non-regular Economic Activities in Urban Europe (16th to early 20th Centuries) Organisers Thomas Buchner, Dr., University of Linz, Austria Philip R. Hoffmann, M.A., University of Konstanz, Germany Address Thomas Buchner Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Altenberger Str. 69 A-4040 Linz, Austria tel.: +43 732 2468 9327 fax: +43 732 2468 8443 e-mail: Thomas.Buchner@jku.at Abstract This section examines the economic as well as the political and cultural dimension of non-regular economic activities in European urban societies from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. Although those economic activities, that are carried out beyond the official labour markets are no historically new phenomena, the so-called “shadow economies” have not yet been studied more closely and in a broader perspective by historians. A main reason for this neglect is that it has always been difficult to find a clear answer to the question, what kinds of economic activities should be regarded as non-regular respectively illicit and how they can be differentiated from the legitimate sector of the economy. Already before the rise of the modern welfare state there was a broad range of economic activities, which were regarded as non-regular (though not necessarily as illicit). Although they often constituted a necessary part of economic life, they also formed a highly controversial issue. The different and conflicting views about non-regular economic activities were strongly influenced by the attitudes towards work. Therefore, this section contributes to a general history of work as well as to recent discussions about the mechanisms of “shadow economies” in a historical and comparative perspective. Participants
Location and time: Room 14 Metsätalo building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 69 Mobilizing Money and Resources for War During the Early Modern Period Organisers Agustín González Enciso, Universidad de Navarra, Spain Huw Bowen, University of Leicester, United Kingdom Patrick O'Brien, London School of Economics, United Kingdom Address Agustín González Enciso Facultad de Económicas y Empresariales Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Navarra, 31080, Spain tel.: +34 948 42 5625 fax: +34 948 42 5626 e-mail: agenciso@unav.es Abstract In recent years considerable attention has been focussed upon the war-driven development of European states during the Early Modern period. In particular, some historians have attributed the long-run success of Britain to the emergence of a fiscal-militarystate whose essential characteristics were shaped by the increasingly heavy demands of war. This has generated much debate about the role, function, and form of the British state, and as such the model provided by the fiscal-military state offers a good point of departure for further discussion of the various ways in which European states endeavoured to organize national financial, material, and human resources for the conduct of lengthy and recurring periods of war. The aim of this session is to explore further the relationship between war and the development of the state by examining several states in a comparative perspective. It is hoped that individual papers will provide case studies of the ways in which resources were gathered, organized, and deployed in support of national war efforts that were becoming increasingly global in their scope and form. In particular, it is anticipated that the papers will explore the multifarious forms of relationship between the offices and departments of central government and the private agencies (contractors, companies, financiers, and firms) that played an essential role in mobilising the materials that crucially underpinned military and naval activity. By doing this, we expect that it will be possible to discern the different paths taken by public-private alliances in the European states, thereby enabling a better understanding to be gained of some of the underlying reasons why Britain ultimately succeeded in war when other powers failed. Participants Location and time: Room 6 Metsätalo building, 25 August 9.00-12.30 Back to top SESSION 70 Industrialization in Middle Eastern European Regions during the XVIII and XIX Century Organisers Toni Pierenkemper, Prof. Dr., Universität zu Köln, Germany Zbigniew Kwasny, Prof. Dr., Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Poland Milan Myska, Prof. Dr., Ostravské univerzity, Czech Republic Address Toni Pierenkemper Universität zu Köln Seminar für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Albertus-Magnus-Platz 1 D-50923 Köln, Germany tel.: +49 2 21 470 2331 fax: +49 2 21 470 5209 e-mail: pierenkemper@wiso.uni-koeln.de Abstract Today's economic historians focus primarily on Western Europe and North America, and to a much lesser extent on other regions of the world. Their focus thus is mainly on the recent history of industrial societies, rather than pre-industrial or proto-industrial periods. Some regions in East Central Europe had enjoyed, prior to the industrial period, much greater progress than was originally realized. This progress came about in part through close contact and competition with Western European regions. The proposed session aims to fill the gap in research represented by the lack of attention to these neglected periods and regions. It will both contribute to the specific history and achievements of the Eastern and Middle-European industrial regions since the 18th century, and help elaborate the theory of regional industrialization. The three initiators of this session have been engaged in this project for some time now. In their respective countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany), they have researched and published on regional industrialization themselves, and initiated and supervised several research projects. They have built up a well-functioning network of personal contacts and corporate research projects as a useful basis for a successful session. They plan to extend this network by finding new contributors and initiating new research projects on additional regions in Middle East Europe. Participants Location and time: Aud XIII Main Building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 71 Beyond Market and Hierarchies: Networking Asian Merchants and Merchant Houses Since the 19th Century Organisers Tomoko Shiroyama, Prof., Hitotsubashi University, Japan Takashi Oishi, Prof., Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Japan Chi-cheung Choi, Dr., Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Address Tomoko Shiroyama Graduate School of Economics Hitotsubashi University Naka 2-1 Kunitachi-shi Tokyo 186-8601, Japan tel: +81 42 580 8857 fax: +81 42 580 8882 e-mail: tshiro@econ.hit-u.ac.jp Abstract Recent scholarship of Asian economic history has been focusing on the integration of regional economies, particularly on the Chinese, Indian, and Muslim sojourn merchants’ role in directing the flow of goods, labor, and capital since the mid-19th century. Institutional historians further argue that these Asian merchants relied heavily on network but were weak in hierarchy and corporate governance. It is the chain of long-term relations (kinship and other shared attributes such as religion, language, and place-of-origins) that enhances market efficiency by reducing transaction cost. However, “network” may also contribute to competition among participants and stress on their enterprises. This session, therefore, attempts to draw attention not to “network” per se but to the process of networking, Asian merchants’ construction and manipulation of linkages for their businesses. This session aims to stimulate dialogues between Asian and non-Asian specialists interested in business history, colonial history, and the integration of regional economy beyond the boundary of nation states, through asking the following comparative and historical questions: In engaging in intra-regional trade, is “network” more advantageous than other forms of transaction systems? How did long-term relationships survive or fail to survive economic crisis? How did changes of macro-political environment during colonization and de-colonization affect networking? Participants Commentator: Rajeswary Brown (University of London) Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 24 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 72 Cooperative Enterprises and Cooperative Networks: Successes and Failures Organisers Vera Zamagni, Prof., University of Bologna, Italy Michael Prinz, Prof., University of Bielefeld, Germany Address Vera Zamagni Department of Economics University of Bologna Piazza Scaravilli 2 40126 Bologna, Italy tel.: +39 51 2098134 fax: +39 51 221968 e-mail: veste@economia.unibo.it Abstract The general purpose of this session is to place the history of the economic achievements of the cooperative movement present in many countries within a general and comparative context, centered around the creation of viable enterprises. All the enterprises – and their networks – that are recognized in each country as belonging to the cooperative movement can be considered, whatever their legal form, that can be quite different from country to country. No limitation of time periods is imposed, but papers covering longer runs of history are encouraged. No restriction of sectors or size of the enterprises is envisaged, but papers offering more comprehensive accounts are preferred. Two additional more specific aims are envisaged: a) an identification across countries on the one side of the factors that have supported the successful flourishing of cooperative enterprises and networks and on the other side of the causes responsible for decline and dropping off; b) the building up of an international group of scholars who do work on cooperative enterprises, which can in the future project research in this field that badly needs a comparative approach. Participants Location and time: Room 10 Main Building, 25 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 73 Evolution of Forms of Property Since 1945: A Cross-National Approach in Historical Retrospective Organisers Martin J. Daunton, Prof., University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Vladimir A. Vinogradov, Ph.D., Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN), Russia Sergei Y. Veselovsky, M.A., Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN), Russia Address Sergei Y. Veselovsky INION RAN 117418 Nakhimovski prosp. 51/21, Moscow, Russia tel.: +7 095 921 2568 fax: +7 095 937 9085 e-mail: veselovsky@mail.ru Abstract The aim of the session is to set a panel for discussions on crucial issues of forms of property transformations in different countries in the second half of the XX century, including both nationalization policies in some European economies after the WWII, and privatization policies, which have become the major economic trend in the 80s and 90s throughout the world, and which in many cases amounted to an attempt to roll back the economic frontiers of the state. The emphasis of the discussion is planned to be made on reconsideration of the nature and role of the state sector in developed and emerging market economies that was resolved in favor of neo-liberal view that government involvement in economic activities has become too excessive and non-efficient. The topics to be discussed will presumably include considerations for the reasons for nationalizations and privatizations; institutional, organizational, social, and political prerequisites of as well as limitations to privatization programs in developed and transitional market economies; different national practices of privatization of natural monopolies operating in the sphere of public utilities (so called "network industries"); peculiarities of large-scale privatization in Russia and in Central and Eastern Europe, including property rights issues and public ownership transformation under low-competitive markets; ideology and practice of "people's capitalism", including issues of ESOP, co-operatives, as well as other issues of mutual forms of property such as building societies or savings and loan associations, and the changes in their structure, etc. Participants Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 22 August 9.00-12.30 SESSION 74 The Evolution of Business Organisation Organisers Aurora Gómez Galvarriato, Dr., División de Economía - CIDE, Mexico John Turner, Dr., Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom Address John Turner School of Management and Economics Queen's University of Belfast Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland tel.: +44 28 90973791 fax: +44 28 90975156 e-mail: j.turner@qub.ac.uk Abstract This session will examine the evolution of business organisation in various economies over the last three hundred years. As a significant proportion of economic activity takes place within business organisations, the historical development of business organisation is an important topic of study. The five main questions to be addressed are: (a) what impact did legal innovation have on the evolution of business organisation?; (b) how did early companies solve agency or governance problems?; (c) how important was limited liability in the development of the modern corporation?; (d) what determines the organisational form chosen by entrepreneurs?; (e) are innovations in organisational form followed by economic development? The session papers are available on the session's own website at www.qub.ac.uk/mgt/efirg/IEHA.htm Participants Location and time: Room 5 Main Building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 75 The Economics of Widowhood Organiser Beatrice Moring, Dr., University of Essex, United Kingdom Address Beatrice Moring University of Essex Department of History Wivenhoe Park Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom e-mail: richardw@essex.ac.uk Abstract The presentations of the session will focus on strategies adopted by families and individuals to secure the survival and well-being of widows in a historical perspective. Some of the questions raised will be the control of assets by widows, the balancing of the economic needs of the widow and the children in relation to inheritance practices, concepts of divisibility or indivisibility of property and the effect of local and general economic trends on the economic position of widows. Participants
Commentator: Richard Wall Location and time: Room 8 Main Building, 23 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 76 Biological Standards of Living in the Developing World Organiser Moramay Lopez-Alonso, Prof., Rice University, Department of History, USA Address Moramay Lopez-Alonso Rice University History Department-MS #42 PO Box 1892 Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA tel.: 858 692 8891 e-mail: moramay@rice.edu Abstract The purpose of this panel is to present the most recent findings of studies on the biological living standards in developing countries during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the rapidly growing scholarship on biological standards of living, the study of the developing nations’ cases can be considered the frontier of the field. The findings presented in this panel will be an opportunity to learn how the evolution of living standards took place in India, Colombia and Mexico and see if there are any similarities or not between these experiences. This is an interesting period of study for these three countries as it covers the end of the pre-industrial era and the industrialization process, in addition these are countries with marked income disparities. Moreover this panel will be an opportunity to share ideas an experiences on how to overcome the obstacles of data gathering for this part of the world. Record keeping is costly and, more often than not, developing nations did not have the resources to keep a thorough record of the information produced by the main institutions from which economic historians normally draw their data, therefore creating data bases of heights and other relevant variables to the study of biological standards of living normally takes additional efforts on finding sources of information. Participants
Commentator: Marco Sunder, University of Munich (Germany) Location and time: Room 7 Main Building, 21 August 14.30-18.00 SESSION 77 Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900 - when the Divergence Between the East and the West Emerged Organisers Tommy Bengtsson, Prof., Lund University, Sweden Martin Dribe, Prof., Lund University, Sweden James Lee, Prof., University of Michigan, USA Address Tommy Bengtsson Department of Economic History PO Box 7083 SE-200 07 Lund, Sweden tel.: +46 46 222 7380 fax: +46 46 222 7339 e-mail: Tommy.Bengtsson@ekh.lu.se Abstract Why did Europe experience industrialisation and modern economic growth before China, India or Japan? This is one of the most fundamental questions in Economic History and one that has provoked intense debate. The main concern of this session is to determine when the gap in living standards between the East and the West emerged. The established view, dating back to Adam Smith, is that the gap emerged long before the Industrial Revolution, perhaps thousands of years ago. While this view has been called into question – and many of the explanations for it greatly undermined – the issue demands much more empirical research than has yet been undertaken. How did the standard of living in Europe and Asia compare in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? The session proposes an answer by using evidence of various sorts: (1) economic, focusing on income, food production, wages, and prices, (2) demographic, comparing heights, life expectancy and other demographic indicators and (3) demographic vulnerability to short-term economic stress. It will not only focus on national averages but also advocate analyses at lower regional levels and for different social classes and household systems. In this respect it will draw on the results from the Eurasia Project on Population and Family History comparing the economic and demographic conditions in locations in various parts of Europe and Asia. The session is organized as presentations based on one or several of the chapters of two recent books (see below) and papers related to these books. The intention is not to present the chapters of the book per see but to reflect on the subject. [Allen, Bengtsson, and Dribe (eds) Living Standards in the Past. New Perspective on Well-being in Asia and Europe. Oxford: OUP Press. 2005 (LSP). AND Bengtsson, Campbell, Lee et al Life Under Pressure. Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press 2004 (LUP).] Participants
Location and time: Room 5 Main Building, 22 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 78 Systems of Small and Middle Size Enterprises in Latin America and Southern Europe (XIX-XX Centuries) Organisers Mario Cerutti, Prof., Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico María Inés Barbero, Prof., Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Javier Vidal Olivares, Prof., Universidad de Alicante, Spain Address María Inés Barbero Pirovano 221, (1640) Martínez Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina tel.: +5411 4792 5857 e-mail: mbarbero@fibertel.com.ar Abstract The session proposal registers in the field of Economic and Business History and its objective is the study of the small and medium companies and of the productive networks in a compared and long term perspective. Diverse scholars have stressed that although along the XIX and XX centuries it took place the birth and consolidation of big modern business, the small and medium firms have lasted and they have played an outstanding role in the economy, particularly thanks to their articulation in strongly taken root cooperation networks embedded in their territories. From Alfred's Marshall pioneer work, local productive systems have been recognized as specific forms of business organization, in those that the external economies constitute an essential component in the construction of competitive advantages. In the session diverse historical experiences will be analyzed in countries of Latin America and Southern Europe. This main areas share important influences of cultural values and institutional environment. One of their objectives will be to contribute to theoretical debate on networks and business systems starting from the confrontation of the empiric evidence with papers dealing with the concepts that have been elaborated by the literature specialized in the topic. Participants
Location and time: Room 10 Main Building, 25 August 14.00-17.30 SESSION 79 Labor-Intensive Industrialization in Global History: East Asia and Beyond Organisers Kenneth Pomeranz, Prof., University of California - Irvine, USA Kaoru Sugihara, Prof., Osaka University, Japan Address Kenneth Pomeranz Department of History 200 Krieger Hall University of California, Irvine CA 92697-3275, USA tel.: +1 949 824 5169 fax: +1 949 824 2865 e-mail: klpomera@uci.edu Abstract Some recent literature suggests that large differences in labor productivity, living standards, etc., between the North Atlantic countries and parts of East Asia came about considerably later than we had previously thought. Meanwhile, a separate but related literature suggests ways in which the 20th century "East Asian miracle" relied upon earlier patterns of labor-intensive development, rather than simply adopting Western technologies and institutions. Together these approaches allow us to reassess the role of internal and external factors in East Asia's long-term development; to examine the relevance of East Asia's "labor-intensive industrialization" as a path to economic development for contemporary societies with per capita resource endowments more like 19th century East Asia's than the 19th century West's; and to re-think North Atlantic development as one path to modernity, rather than the defining case of "development." Diffusionists link development to institutions and technologies which are Western but universally applicable. World systems theorists argue that "core" nations have monopolized the world economy's desirable niches, locking "peripheral" societies into supplying cheap raw materials and labor. Both stories are Europe-driven. Our work suggests that East Asia managed to continue distinct, labor-intensive development paths, which fit its factor endowments, and ultimately influenced Western economies as well. Participants
Location and time: Room 6 Main Building, 23 August 14.00-17.30 Back to top SESSION 80 The Second Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Contemporary Science and Technology Policies Organisers Albert Broder, Prof., Université de Paris XII Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France Tamás Szmrecsányi, Prof., Science Policy Department of UNICAMP, Brazil Henri Delanghe, Dr., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Address Henri Delanghe Emmanuel Mertensstraat 24 1150 Brussels, Belgium tel./fax: +32 2 772 3701 e-mail: h_delanghe@yahoo.com Abstract This session will be intended to propel the launching of a recently begun international research project on "The interplay of knowledge with power, development and competition: an economic-historical study of the emergence of current science and technology policies in Western Europe (France, Germany, UK), the United States, Russia and Japan". The countries that we have chosen as paradigms indicate that we are fundamentally interested in assessing and comparing the origins and evolution of the science and technology policies established and practiced by the present day most advanced economies and societies. The main features of these policies, formulated and undertaken by both governments and private enterprises, will be examined within an institutional perspective, basically focused on the organisation and working patterns of their R&D centres and their relationships with their other changing economic and social entities and activities, all this without forgetting the intellectual evolution of the concerned scientific disciplines and/or technological fields. As for the period under analysis, we shall be fundamentally concentrated in the formative years of the aforementioned structures and policies, which in our view include the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. We take the Second Industrial Revolution as a starting point because, contrarily to the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ' First Industrial Revolution, it was conditioned from its very beginnings not only by the advent of genuinely science-based technologies, but also - and perhaps mainly - by their deliberate adoption in production. These features lead us therefore to the beginning of the current big science and big technology prevailing in the most developed countries. And conversely this period of our choice also coincided through time with the intensification of worldwide economic fluctuations and of the capital centralisation that led to the emergence of big business on the one hand, and to the advent of (or return to) increasing state interventionism on the other. Participants Location and time: Room 6 Metsätalo building, 24 August 9.00-12.30 Back to top |